IC-N 


359 


H5    717 


GIFT  OF 


Outlines  and  References 

for 

EUROPEAN   HISTORY 

IN  THE 

NINETEENTH  CENTURY 

WILLIS  M.  WEST 

Published  for 

The  Department  of  History,  University  of  Minnesota 


MINNEAPOLIS: 

THE  UNIVERSITY  BOOK  STORE 

1896 


The  bibliographies  in  the  following  pages  make  no  preten- 
sion to  completeness.  They  are  constructed  first  with  reference 
to  the  books  accessible  to  our  classes,  and  secondly  with  regard 
to  the  proportion  of  time  designed  for  a  topic  or  country. 

In  a  like  manner,  the  outlines  contain  more  detail  when  the 
instructor  expects  to  lecture,  and  are  more  meager  in  those 
chapters,  often  more  important,  where  the  class  will  present 
topics"and  work  up  more  complete  outlines  for  themselves.  In 
brief,  the  pamphlet  is  prepared  solely  with  a  view  to  the  work 
of  the  classes  in  history  in  the  University  of  Minnesota. 


I 


Outlines  and  References 

for 

EUROPEAN    HISTORY 

IN  THE 

NINETEENTH  CENTURY 

WILLIS  M.  WEST 


Published  for 

The  Department  of  History,  University  of  Minnesota 


MINNEAPOLIS: 

THE  UNIVERSITY  POOK  STORE 

1896 


,\ 


MINNEAPOLIS: 
*          Ube  TUmversits  press  of  flDinnesota 


Modern  European  History. 


INTRODUCTORY— Observations  upon  Europe  in  the 

Middle  Ages. 


HISTORY  OF  CIVILIZATION. 

Guizot:    History  of  Civilization. 

Lavisse:    Brief  View. 

Adams:    Civilization  in  the  Middle  Ages. 

A.  PECULIAR  CHARACTERISTICS  OF  EUROPEAN  CIVILIZATION. 
The   commingling  and    interaction  of  conflicting  principles. 

(Contrast  •with  ancient  civilizations.) 
Secured  by 

1.  Physical    separation    of  nations— which  regenerate  each 

other  (geographical  divisions  of  Europe). 

2.  Intermingling  of  Roman  and  Teutonic  civilizations.  - 

B.  ELEMENTS  OF  EUROPEAN  CIVILIZATION. 

1.  Roman   (essentially  urban):    Municipal  institutions,  law 
and  organization,  centralized  and  irresponsible  power,  a 
universal  language.     (Rome  accumulates  and  selects  from 
all  the  past.) 

2.  Teutonic  (essentially  rural):    Personal  independence  and 
personal  loyalty ;  germ  of  representative  government  in 
the  tribal  democratic  organization  (a  possibility,  perhaps, 
rather  than  a  germ). 

3.  The  Church :  moral  principles  and  the  theocratic  machin- 
ery. 

C.  THE  MIDDLE  AGES— A  THOUSAND  YEARS  OF  TRANSITION 
Between  the  progress  of  ancient  civilization  and  the  progress 

of  modern  civilization — a  period  of  fusion  of  the  diverse  ele- 
ments, and  of  reorganization. 

1.  The  period  of  mixture — fifth  to  eighth  centuries — a  chaos 
of  creative  forces. 

2.  Attempts  to  organize  society— eighth  to  fifteenth  centuries, 
a.     On  a  universal  scale — continuity  of  the  old  empire. 

1)  The  Byzantine  empire  (relation  to  the  West). 

2)  Charles  the  Great. 

3)  Holv  Roman  Emi 


nan  Empire. 

321676 


b.  Feudalism  —  aristocratic    organization    from    countless 

local  centers;  feudal  form  of  society  becomes  universal 
in  tenth  to  twelfth  centuries;  other  principles  survive 
to  find  their  opportunity  when  the  crusades  have 
weakened  feudalism. 

c.  The  papacy — attempt  at  theocratic  organization ;   ob- 

stacles in 

1)  Celibacy  of  the  clergy. 

2)  Tendency  toward  national  churches. 

3)  Assertion    of  individual    freedom    of    thought    (the 

Reformation  and  its  forerunners). 

d.  The  free  cities — democratic  attempt ;  lacked  unity  and 

permanence. 

e.  The  systems  of  "estates"'  in  "parliaments" — an  attempt 

to  reconcile  these  conflicting  principles. 

3.  Success  finally  attained  by  the  National  Monarchies,  fif- 
teenth century,  which  consolidated  these  elements  into 
modern  nations. 

a.  France  (typical):  victory  apparent  at  close  of  the  Hun- 

dred Years  War  (middle  of  fifteenth  century). 
Causes  and  results 
Consolidation  of  territory 
Consciousness  of  nationality  (Joan  of  Arc) 
Standing  army  (artillery) 
Estates  dropped 
Royal  courts 

Changed  character  of  rule — intellectual  power  re- 
places physical  force  (diplomacy). 

b.  Parallels  in  other  countries. 

D.  GENERAL  RESULT  AT  CLOSE  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES. 
Centralized  despotisms  on  the  ruins  of  ancient  local  but  un- 

organizable  liberties. 

Germany  and  Italy  divide  into  multitudes  of  petty  despotisms. 
These  countries  not  nationalized;  lost  their  liberties  and 
gained  nothing  in  return. 

E.  CHARACTER   OF   EUROPEAN   HISTORY    FROM    1500   TO   THE 

FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 
Sixteenth    and    seventeenth    centuries — the    Reformation  and 

religious  wars. 
Eighteenth  centur}' — *' Philistinism;"  dynastic  and  mercantile 

wars. 


— 5— 

BIBLIOGRAPHY  FOR  FRANCE. 

GENERAL  WORKS  USEFUL  THROUGH  THE  YEAR: 
*Fyffe:   Modern  Europe. 

*  Mueller:   Political  History  of  Recent  Times. 
*Judson:   Europe  in  the  Nineteenth  Century. 

*  Lodge:   History  of  Modern  Europe. 
*Grant-Duff:   Studies  in  European  Politics. 

Maurice:  Revolutionary  Movements  of  '48. 

Wilson:  The  State. 
*Burgess:  Political  Science  and  Constitutional  Law. 

Borgeaud:   Adoption  and  Amendment  of  Constitutions. 
*Murdock:   Re-organization  of  Europe. 

May:   Democracy  in  Europe. 

*  Alison:   History  of  Europe. 

*Goodnow:   Comparative  Administrative  Law. 
Baron  Stockmar's  Memoirs. 
Lord's  Lectures:   Modern  Statesmen. 
Freeman:   Historical  Geography. 
Latimer:  Europe  in  Africa. 

Irving  and  Fyffe:   Annals  of  our  Time,  1837-1892. 
Larnard's  History  for  Ready  Reference. 
Statesman's  Year  Book. 
Annual  Encyclopaedias. 
Annual  Register. 
Poolers  Index  for  Periodicals. 

Fyffe's  is  the  best  one  work  to  cover  the  whole  field.  Mueller 
gives  a  satisfactory  treatment  after  Waterloo.  Judson  is  briefer 
and  compact,  but  is  by  far  the  most^readable,  and  his  summaries 
and  introductions  to  periods  are  valuable.  Members  of  the  class 
ought  ro  own  or  to  have  constant  access  to  one  of  the  three ; 
perhaps  volume  I.  of  Fyffe  and  the  work  of  Mueller  make  the  most 
desirable  combination. 
FRANCE: 

Guizot:  History  of  France. 
*Taine:   Ancient  Regime. 
*Tocqueville:   France  before  the  Revolution. 

Kitchen:  History  of  France,  III. 
*Stephens:   French  Revolution. 
* Lowell:  Eve  of  the  French  Revolution. 
Lecky:  Eighteenth  Century,  Y. 
Buckle:   History  of  Civilization. 
* 'Gardiner:   French  Revolution. 
Von  Sybel:   Revolutionary  Times. 

*This  star  always  means  that  there  are  several  copies  of  the  work  in  the 
Lihrarv. 


Bax:  French  Revolution. 

Bax:  Life  of  Marat. 

Dumas:  Memoirs. 
*Carlyle:  French  Revolution. 

Thiers:  The  French  Revolution. 

Morris:  French  Revolution. 
*Taine:  French  Revolution. 

Von  Hoist:  French  Revolution. 
*  Burke:  On  the  French  Revolution. 

Mignet:  French  Revolution. 

Michelet :  French  Revolution. 
*Lamartine:  Girondists. 

Morley,  Voltaire  and  Rousseau :  Miscellanies:  I.  Robespierre; 
II.  Turgot;  III.  France  in  the  Eighteenth  Century. 

Say:  Turgot. 

Sorel:  Montesquieu. 

Rosenthal:  France  and  America. 

Taine:  Modern  Regime. 
*Van  Laun:  French  Revolutionary  Epoch. 

Lanfrey:  Napoleon. 

Seeley:  Napoleon. 

Ropes:  Napoleon. 

Sloan:  Life  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte  (Century,  1894-5.) 

Masson's  Napoleon. 

Memoirs  of  Baron  de  Meneval. 

Thiers:  Consulate  and  Empire. 
*Latimer:  France  in  the  Nineteenth  Century. 
*Lamartine:  The  Restoration. 

Guizot:  France  and  Louis  Philippe. 

Mill:  French  Revolution  of  1848 — Dissertations,  vol.  III. 

Adams:  Democracy  and  Monarchy  in  France. 

Louis  Blanc:  France  Under  Louis  Philippe.     (History  of  Ten 
Years). 

Louis  Blanc:  The  Revolution. 
*Lamartine:  Revolution  of  Forty- Eight. 

St.  Armand:  Revolution  of  Forty-Eight. 

Normandy:  Year  of  Revolution  in  France. 

Senior.   Conversations,  etc.,  under  the  Second  Empire. 

Lisagary:  History  of  the  Commune. 

Fetridge:  The  Paris  Commune. 

King:  French  Political  Leaders. 

Memoirs  ofTocqueville  and  Guizot. 

Correspondence  ofTallyrand. 

Simon:  The  Government  of  Thiers. 

Stephens:  Lectures  on  French  History. 

Marziall:  Gambetta. 


—7— 

*Lebon  and  Pelet:  France  as  It  Is. 

Betham-Edwards:   France  Today. 

Colquehoun:  The  Truth  about  Tonquin. 

Elton:  With  the  French  in  Mexico. 

Scott:  France  and  Tongking. 

Laveleye:  Socialism  of  Today. 

Ely:  French  and  German  Socialism. 

A  large  number  of  other  works  on  the  French  Revolution  and 
the  Consulate  and  Empire.  Students  who  read  French  will 
find  a  large  amount  of  valuable  original  material  in  the  seminar 
room,  and  there  is  a  considerable  amount  of  further  material  in 
the  stack  room. 

1.  Taine's    "Ancient    Regime"    and    Tocqueville   should    be 
studied  by  the  student  specially  interested  in  the  conditions  which 
brought  about  the  French  Revolution.    Buckle  has  the  best  treat- 
ment of  the  literary  factor,  though  he  exaggerates  its  influence. 
Lecky's  survey  is  admirable;  and  perhaps  Lowell  embodies  in  one 
popular  volume  the  best  results  of  a  comparative  study  of  these 
greater  authorities. 

2.  Mrs.  Gardiner's  compact  little  book  is  the  best  text-book 
upon  the  French  Revolution,  and  must  be  in  the  hands  of  the 
class,  each  of  whom  will   be  expected  to  own  also  Number  3  of 
Volume  I,  "European  History  from  Contemporary  Sources"  (10 
cents).      For  those  who  can  give  further  study,  Carlyle  (the  most 
vivid   picture),  Taine  (a  great  work,  strongly  anti-democratic), 
and  Stephens  (by  far  the  most  trustworthy  work),  should  be  spec- 
ially mentioned.     Von  Sybel  is  the  only  writer  who  does  justice  to 
outside  Europe.      Bax  gives  the  extreme  socialist  view.      For  the 
Napoleonic  Regime,  Theirs'  "Consulate  and  Empire"  is  the  clear- 
est and  fullest  account  though  sometimes  ludicrously  French,  and 
often  inaccurate. 

3.  For  France  from  1815  to  1871 :    One  of  the  general  works 
answers  all  strict  requirements,  except  for  topics  and  for  the  '4-8 
period.       Van  Laun  gives  a  readable  summary.      Latimer  is  gos- 
sipy, but  unreliable.      For  the  important  period  184-8-52,  see  syl- 
labus. 

4.  Wilson  or  Burgess  (the  more  critical  account)  should  be 
used  for  present  constitutions.      Members  of  the  class  will  be  ex- 
pected to  own  Wilson. 

5.  Recent  problems  must  be  hunted  down  in  annual  encyclo- 
paedias and  periodicals. 


— 8— 


I.  FRANCE— BEFORE  THE  REVOLUTION. 

A.  CLASSES. 

1.  An  aristocracy — privileged,  wealthy,  non-resident,  scepti- 

cal, corrupt  and  useless — all  in  the  "age  of  vanity" — 
140,000  nobles,  130,000  clergy  (70,000  monks  and 
nuns). 

2.  A  wealthy  middle  class  (third  estate)— wanting  elsewhere 

in  continental  Europe. 
Serf-like  peasantry  and  proletariat— 23,000,000. 

a.  Their  misery. 

1)  Testimony  of  La  Bruyere,  in  1689.      Cf.  Lowell,  chs. 

13  and  14  for  criticism  of  an  extreme  view. 

2)  A  century  of  famine.     Taine,  "Ancient  Regime,"  386. 

b.  Causes  of  these  conditions. 

1 )  Peasantiy. 

a)  Extortionate    taxation   (50  to  80  per  cent  of 

peasant's  crop);  exemptions  of  privileged  class- 
es; methods  of  collection  ;  indirect  taxation;  etc. 

b)  Feudal  dues. 

Irredeemable  burdens  on  land. 
Rights  to  justice  fees,  intestate's  property. 
Tolls — roads,  bridge,  ferry,  market,  mill,  oven. 
Game  laws. 

2)  Workingmen  in  the  towns— machinery,  guilds,  etc. 

c.  Improved  condition,  nevertheless,  of  the  peasantry. 

1)  Practical  abolition  of  personal  serfdom. 

2)  Ownership  of  land.     Tocqueville,  bk.  II.,  ch.  1. 

B.  GOVERNMENT. 

(Wilson,  176-95,  and  Tocqueville.) 

1.  Highty  centralized. 

Irresponsible  king;  appointed  council ;  comptroller  general. 
Thirty-six  intendants  for  the  thirty-six  provinces. 
Sub-delegates  in  each  canton. 

2.  Powers  and  responsibility. 

3.  Appearance  of  complexity  and   partial  checks  from  the 

shadows  of  oid  local  and  class  jurisdictions. 
(Pays  d'etats  and  pays  d 'election.) 

4.  "The  good  machine  left  to  run  itself." 

C.  IMMEDIATE  CAUSES  OF  REVOLUTION. 

1.  The  revolution  in  French  opinion  from  1770— the  philoso- 
phers—Voltaire and  Rousseau— a  humanitarian  aristoc- 
rac\r  and  a  benevolent  king. 


— 9— 

2.  Influence  of  England.     Buckle,  I,  518-528. 

3.  Mismanagement  of  finances. 

4.  Long  continued  failures  of  harvests. 

5.  Lack  of  repression  of  disorders;  attempts  at  reform  which 

incited  to  more  rebellion. 

D.    REVOLUTION  UNEXPECTED. 

1.  Old  prophecies — the  cry  of  "wolf." 

2.  The  movement  confounded  at  first  with  the  other  tenden- 

cies toward  reform  by  the  enlightened  nionarchs  of  the 
century— from  which  it  is  to  be  distinguished  by  its  pop- 
ular initiative  and  control. 

3.  A  destructive  revolution  was  not  inevitable  in  the  nature 

of  things,  but  resulted  from  the  incapacity  of  the  rulers 
and  nobility. 

Taine:     "Ancient  Regime,"  especially  pp.  13-85  and  329-402. 

Van  Laun:  "French  Revolutionary  Epoch,"  1-32.  (A  sum- 
mary from  Taine,  chiefly,  but  less  graphic  and  powerful.) 

Tocqueville:  "France  Before  the  Revolution"  ("The  Old 
Regime  and  the  Revolution"  is  a  translation  of  the  same  work 
under  another  name) — very  excellent  and  judicial,  especially  bk. 
II,  chs.  1-6,  9  and  12. 

Adams:     "Democracy  and  Monarchy  in  France,"  32-135. 

Stephens;  Kitchin;  Morris;  Lowell;  Lecky,  V;  Gardiner; 
Von  Sybel;  Buckle,  chs.  8-14.  ("If  but  one  thing  can  be  read  on 
the  events  introducing  the  Revolution,  this  (Buckle)  should  be 
that  one  thing,"  said  President  White,  some  years  ago.) 


—10— 


/I.    FRANCE-IMPORTANT  FEATURES  OF  THE 
REVOLUTION. 

The  influence  of  national  bankruptcy ;  the  deficit  the  immediate 
impulse  to  reform  from  the  court  side.  "It  is  spiritual  bank- 
ruptcy long  tolerated,  now  verging  toward  economic(al)  Bank- 
ruptcy, and  become  intolerable."  (Connection  with  the  Amer- 
ican war.) 

CHIEF  MINISTERS  OF  Louis  XVI. 
Turgot:  despotic  reforms;  vastness  and  multiplicity  of   his 

aims. 

Necker:  the  American  war. 
Calonne:  the  Notables. 
Brienne:  the  Parliaments. 

(attempt  of  all  sooner  or  later  to  introduce  equal  taxa- 
tion). 
Necker  again,  and  the 

A.    STATES  GENERAL  (May  9,  1789). 

Methods  of  election ;  problems  of  organization — double  re- 
presentation and  individual  voting.  The  NATIONAL  ASSEMBLY 
(Mirabeau  and  Sieyes).  Court  plan  for  coup  cT  etat— defeated 
by  rising  of  Paris.  The 

FALL  OF  THE  BASTILE.     Sovereignty  of  the  bourgeoisie  (rep- 
resented by  the  Assembly). 

1.  Spontaneous  anarchy  and  spontaneous  local  organization. 

a.  Municipal  governments — from  electoral  colleges. 

b.  National  guards. 

2.  National  character  of  the  movement.  France  now  becomes 
France — fused  in  this  Revolutionary  furnace.      All  France, 
not  Paris  alone,  the  revolutionary  force. 

3.  This  new  national  consciousness,  despite  isolated  separatist 
tendencies,  leads  a  little  later  to  the  FEDERATION,  July  14, 
1790. 

4.  The  various  jacqueries. 

5.  The  composition  of  the  Assembly.    Early  reforms  of  the 
Assembly  at  Versailles ; 

a.  the  declaration  of  rights— the  fall  of  feudalism— night 
of  Aug.  4,  1789; 

b.  the  veto  power. 

6.  Second    court    plot    (or    justifiable  suspicion  of  one  "O 
Richard,  0  my  king!  ")  leads  to  The  March  of  the  Maenads 
and  the  removal  of  the  king  and  Assembly  to  Paris,  Oct.  5,, 
1789. 


—11— 

a.  2nd  and  main  flight  of  emigrants  \    The      Desertion 

b.  Secession  of  the  Right  /    of  the  Nobility. 

c.  Increase  of ,  popular   influence    over   the   Assembly 
(shifting  of  parties). 

1)  The  Clubs  and  Salons. 

2)  The  Galleries  and  street  mobs. 

7.  The  Constitution. 
Civil  equality. 

Extreme  decentralization  with  an  "orgie  of  elections" 
(clergy,  judges,  and  officers  of  the  National  guard). 

Political  power,  by  system  of  property  qualifications  and 
indirect  elections,  in  the  hands  of  the  bourgeoisie. 

Abolition  of  privileges  and  titles— equality  before  the  law; 
trial  by  jury;  freedom  of  conscience;  freedom  of  the 
press;  elective  legislature  with  responsible  government, 
power  of  taxation,  etc.;  suspensive  veto. 

A  constitutional  monarchy  resting  on  local  self-govern- 
ment. 

8.  Mirabeau  and  his  plans;  his  death,  April  2,  '91,  and  ac- 
cession of  influence  to  the  "thirty-voices"  (Robespierre). 

9.  The  flight  to  Varennes, 

a.  Split  of  the  patriots  into  Constitutional  Monarchists 
and  Republicans. 

b.  "Massacre  of  the  Champ  du  Mars." 

c.  General  conservative  tendency  of  the  closing  days  of 
the  Assembly. 

General  result,  to  be  more  clearly  seen  after  the  close  of  this 
first  Assembty. — Not  a  revolution  of  government  but  a 
dissolution  of  society;  emergence  of  rascaldom,  stupid- 
ity, and  fanaticism;  society  to  be  terrorized  and  ruled 
by  minorities  until  finally  reconstructed  by  Napoleon. 

B.    THE  LEGISLATIVE  ASSEMBLY,  Sept.  '91-A.ug.  '92. 

1.  Election.    The  conquest  of  the  Jacobin  clubs.    Victory  of 
the  "passive"  citizens.    Therule  of  minorities.     (Terrorism 
and  lack  of  civic  virtue). 

2.  The  leading  problems  before  the  Assembly  for  the  first 
months. 

a.  The  recusants. 

b.  The  emigrants. 

The  royal  vetoes. 

3.  WAR. 

a.  Declaration ;  attitude  of  parties ;  international  re- 
lations preceding  the  Padua  letter  and  declaration 
of  Pilnitz;  the  plot  of  the  emigrants  at  Coblentz; 
royal  vetoes  paralyze  national  action. 


—12— 

b.    Influence  upon  internal  politics : 

1)  The  invasion  ;  the  armed  petition,  June  20. 

2)  Brunswick's  proclamation.    Revolution  of  Aug. 
10,  and  the  first  arrest  of  suspects. 

3)  Fall  of    Txmgwy  and  Verdun;     the    September 
Massacres. 

Under  the  Convention. 

4)  Defeat  and  treason  of  Dumouriez.     Creation  of 
Committee  of  Public  Safety  and  adoption  of  policy 
of ''Terror." 

Further  influence  in  financial  and  economic  measures  under 

the  Convention. 
Still  more  important  influence  in  spreading  the  Revolution; 

it  becomes  a  propaganda. 

C.  THE  CONVENTION,  '92-'95. 

1.  First  Period. 

a.  The  Republic  and  universal  suffrage. 

b.  Split  between  Girondists  and  Jacobins. 

c.  The  new  Constitution  of  the  Year  I.     (Paper)  sus- 
pended for 

2.  THE  REIGN  OF  TERROR. 

a.  Organization. 

Great  Committee  of  Public  Safety. 

Subordinate  committees. 

Representatives  on  mission. 
The  Paris  Commune. 

b.  Policy  (atrocities)  to  secure 

Military  success. 
Internal  order. 

c.  The  economic  side— ideals  of  the  terrorists. 

d.  Constructive  work  (Stephens  in  Yale  Rev., Nov.  '95). 

e.  Dissensions — the  factions  devour  each  other. 

D.  THE  DIRECTORY.    Constitution  of  the  Year  III.     A  revolution 
in  favor  of  the  middle  classes. 

E.  THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  YEAR  VIII.    The  Consulate  and 

Napoleon. 

F.  RESULTS. 

1.  To  France. 

a.  Political— in  national  and  local  government. 

b.  Social  and  civil  (the  Code). 

c.  Religious— (the  Concordat)— ultratn on tanism. 

d.  Economic— the  peasantry,  land,  trade. 

2.  To  Europe  at  the  time, 
a.     Political. 


—13— 

b.     Civil  and  economic. 

The  wars  of  the  Republic  and  of  Napoleon— motives  and 
characteristics. 

Q.    LATER  RESULTS. 

We  may  note,  to  sum  up,  three  chief  principles  of  the  Revolu- 
tion. 

1.  Civil  liberty. 

2.  Political  liberty— constructively,  democracy ;  destructively, 

the  abolition  of  monarchies  by  divine  right;  government 
must  be  by  as  well  as  for  the  people. 

3.  Nationality,  as  opposed  to  the  medieval  idea  of  a  State. 

Napoleon,  as  the  last  of  the  benevolent  despots,  maintains 
the  first,  temporarily  suppresses  the  second,  and  tries  to 
use  the  third  selfishly  and  deceitfully,  but  "finds  it  a 
boomerang." 

Or:  The  French  Revolution  established  the  principles  of 
civil  liberty,  and  prepared  the  way  for  the  two  great 
movements  of  this  century— National  Autonomy  and 
"Triumphant  Democracy." 

"The  history  of  the  nineteenth  century  is  precisely  the  history 
of  all  the  work  the  Revolution  did  leave.  The  Revolution  was  a 
creating  force,  even  more  than  a  destroying  one ;  it  was  an  inex- 
haustible source  of  fertile  influences;  it  not  only  cleared  the  ground 
of  the  old  society,  but  it  manifested  all  the  elements  of  the  new  so- 
ciety."— FREDERIC  HARRISON. 

Note  that  the  constructive  influences  could  not  be  seen  in 
proper  proportion  until  after  1848. 


111.    FRANCE-THE    THREE    SUPPLEMENTARY  REVOLU- 
TIONS, 1830,  1848,  1870— FROM  NAPOLEON  THE 
GREAT  TO  NAPOLEON  THE  LITTLE. 

A.  THE  RESTORATIONS  OF  1814  AND  1815. 
1.    The  two  treaties  and  the  terms. 

B.  UNDER  THE  BOURBONS. 

Louis  XVIII  and  Charles  X,  1815-30 

1.  The  charter.     Van  Laun,  II,  151-4 ;  Fyffe,  II,  14-16 ;  Con- 

temp.  Sources;  I,  3,  for  text. 

2.  Struggle  of  the  reaction.      Mueller,  90-101 ;  Fyffe,  II,  16- 

19,  31-77,  356-48 ;  Lodge,  657-60. 

Reactionary  elements— the  old  clergy  and  returned  etni- 
grees ;  their  program ;  Louis  sides  with  the  constitution- 
alists until  the  rapid  liberal  gains  and  the  unfortunate 
assassination  of  the  Due  de  Berry  drive  him  into  the 
arms  of  the  reactionists,  1820;  progress  of  the  contest 
to  Charles  X's  appointment  of  Polignac. 

3.  The  Revolution  of  1830.      Fyffe,  II,  368-81 ;  Lodge,  660- 

62 ;  Mueller,  99-112 ;  Van  Laun,  II,  267-86 ;  Latimer, 
14-33 ;  Blanc. 

a.  The  "July  Ordinances." 

b.  "The  Three  Days." 

c.  Louis  Philippe  and  Lafayette— Republic  or  Monarchy  f 

d.  Results  abroad. 

C.  THE  JULY  MONARCHY  (ORLEANS). 

Fyffe,  II,  414-18;  Mueller,  186-201;  Van  Laun,  II,  287-362; 
Guizot's  Louis  Philippe ;  Adams,  256-86 ;  Lamartine's  For- 
ty-Eight; Latimer,  34-92;  Michaud;  St.  Armand. 

1.  The  "Citizen  King." 

2.  Constitutional  changes ;  the  character  of  the  Revolution ; 

a  "constitutional  monarchy";  charter,  slightly  modified, 
imposed  upon  the  king;  power  in  the  hands  of  the  mid- 
dle classes. 

3.  Ministries  and  policies. 

a.  Succession    of    short    ministries    of  virtual    minorities, 

1830-40. 

b.  Guizot,  1840-48— "Parliamentary  government"— a  "cor- 

rupt government  by  an  incorruptible  minister." 

4.  Problems. 

a.    Foreign :  the  Eastern  Question ;  the  Spanish  marriage ; 
South  Sea  Islands. 


—15— 

b.  Domestic:  drift  toward  socialism  (Louis  Blanc);  de- 
mands for  electoral  reform  and  the  removal  of  "place- 
men." Mill  and  Adams;  St.  Armand. 

D.  THE  THIRD  REVOLUTION. 

1.  The  Year  of  Revolutions,  1848.      Adams,  289-400;  Lati- 

mer,  ch.  V.;  Mill;  Ely,  and  references  for  B—Guizot  and 
Adams  for  one  side ;  Lamartine  and  Mill  for  the  other. 

a.  The  banquets  and  the  ministry ;  the  barricades  and  the 

national  guard.     (St.  Armand  for  a  full  account.) 

b.  The  Provisional  Government. 

1)  Creation. 

2)  Composition   (the  Moderates — Lamartine,  and  the 

Reds— Ledru     Rollin,    and    the    Socialists— Louis 
Blanc. 

3)  Its  "Hundred  Days."    Adams;  Mill; Ely;  Lamartine; 

Poolers  Index  for  many  periodical  articles;  espe- 
cially Frazer,  90:  437,  and  Dublin  Review,  33:  134. 

a)  The  national  workshops — the  Paris  mob. 

b)  Taxation. 

c)  Other  decrees. 

d)  Dissensions  and  attacks. 

e)  The  elections  for 

c.  The  new  Constituent  Assembly  (universal  suffrage). 

1)  The  workshop  riots. 

2)  Cavaignac's  Dictatorship.    The  "Four  Days." 

2.  The  Second  Republic,  1848-52.      Murdock;  Latimer;  and 

references  above. 

a.  Constitution— universal  suffrage,  single  chamber,  elec- 

tive president. 

b.  Louis  Napoleon ;  election  to  assembly ;  president. 

c.  The  coup  d'etat,  1851,  and  the  Plebiscit. 

E.  THE  SECOND  EMPIRE.    1852-70. 

As  before ;  especially  Murdock,  Adams,  and  Latimer. 
1.    General  foreign  policy  ("L' Empire,  c'est  la  paix1'!) 

a.  Marriage;  relations  with  England   (Morley's  Cob- 
den,  Vol.  II.  gives  an  excellent  picture). 

b.  Successes. 

1)  Crimean  War. 

2)  Italy,  ±859.    Nice  and  Savoy. 

c.  France  and  the  pope  (the  turning  point  in  foreign 
policy). 

d.  Failures,  1860-70. 

1)  American  Rebellion  (Morley's  Cobden,  II.  413). 

2)  Mexico. 


—16— 

3)    Germany — the  Rhine  frontier,  the  Austro-Prus- 
sian  War,  Luxemburg,  etc, 

2.  Home  administration. 

a.  Centralization. 

b.  Plebiscites  and  elections.    Adams,  402-72. 

c.  The  press. 

d.  Finances,  etc. 

3.  Fall  of  the  Empire. 

a.  Growth  of  the  opposition  in  the  Chambers. 

b.  The  Prussian  War — collapse  of  the  French  military- 

S3T  stem. 

(See  Freeman's  Federal  Government,  316,  for  invective  against 
Napoleon.) 


IV.    FRANCE— UNDER  THE  THIRD  REPUBLIC. 

A.  THE  REVOLUTION  OF  1870. 

1.  The  government  of  national  defense — dictatorship  of  Gam- 

betta  (good  brief  account,  Fyfie,  III,  447-62). 

2.  The  National  Assembly  of  Bordeaux— the  government  of 

Thiers. 

a.  Negotiations  for  peace  with  Germany,  and  the  terms. 

b.  Struggle  with  the  Commune  (Lissagary;  Fetridge;  Har- 

rison in   Fortnightly,  Aug.,  1871,  in  which  see  other 
articles ;  Latimer;  Simon's  Thiers. 

B.  THE  THIRD  REPUBLIC— BY  ADMINISTRATIONS. 
Simon;  Laveleye;  Latimer;  MarzialL 

1.  Thiers— 1871-3  ;  "Liberator  of  the  Territory." 

2.  McMahon— 1873-9.     Wilson,  197-200;  Burgess,  see  index; 

Nation,  19:69;  Catholic  World,  25:558;  Dublin  Review, 
73.462 ;  Temple  Bar,  71:45 ;  Latimer,  402-9. 
Last  struggle  of  the  re-action. 

a.  Count  de  Chatnbord  and  the  White  Flag. 

b.  The  Constitution. 

c.  Responsibility  of  Ministers  to  the  Deputies. 

3.  Grevy— 1879-87.     Gambetta  and  Ferry. 

a.  Colonization. 

b.  The  French  Culturkampf.    An.  Ency.  '79-90. 

c.  Expulsion  of  the  Princes.    An.  Ency.,  '86,  and  Latimer. 

d.  Re-election  and  fall  of  Grevy. 

4.  Ca-not— 1887-94. 

a.  Boulanger.    An.  Ency.,  Latimer  and  Poolers  Index. 

b.  France  and  the  Pope — 1892-3.    An.  Ency.,  Harper,  79, 
*  and  Review  of  Reviews. 

c.  The  crisis  of  1893;  the  Panama  scandal;  strikes  and 

riots;  elections  of  1893;   anarchistic  plots  and  assas- 
sination of  Carnot. 

5.  Casimir-Perier— 1894. 

Anti-anarchistic  legislation. 
Resignation. 

6.  Faure— 1895. 

Scandals  and  cabinet  crises— The  Bourgeoise  mininstry 
and  socialistic  measures.  Question  of  responsibility  to 
senate  again  in  1896. 

Politics  todav. 


C.    FRANCE  TODAY. 

Year  Book;  An.  Ency.;  Lebon  and  Pelet,  "France  as  It  Is;" 
Lavasseur,  "La  France;"  Wilson;  Burgess;  Edwards;  Lati- 
mer,  "Europe  in  Africa"  (Madagascar). 

1.  Constitution  of  1875.     Wilson  and  Burg-ess. 

a.  Central  administration. 

b.  Local  government. 

c.  The  judiciary. 

2.  The  church. 

3.  Education. 

4.  Army  and  navy. 

5.  Land;  finance;  industry;   peasantry.      Baudrillart,   Con- 

temp.,  May,  1886;  Zinke,  Fortnightly,  Nov.  and  Dec., 
1878 ;  Arnold,  Fortnightly,  Nov.,  1878. 

6.  Colonies  and  dependencies. 

a.  North  Africa. 

b.  Asia— Siam.     (See  periodicals  for  1893  and  1894.) 

c.  Madagascar. 

In  Europe— area,  204,092  square  miles  (2%  times  Minnesota); 
population— census  of  1891—38,343,192. 

Algeria — area,  184,474  square  miles;  population,  4,154,732. 

Colonies— area,  2,484,783  square  miles;  population,  43,741,- 
554  (not  including  protectorates). 


V.    GERMANY. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Sitnes:   Germany. 

'Menzcl:  History  of  Germany. 

*Bryce:   Holy  Roman  Empire,  from  chap.  XIX. 

Hildebrand:   German  Thought. 

Tuttle:  Prussia. 

Tuttle:  German  Political  Leaders. 

Schaffle:   Impossibility  of  Social  Democracy. 

Leibnecht:   Social  Democracy,  in  Forum,  Feb.,  '95. 
*Seeley\   Life  of  Stein. 

*Grant  Duff:  Studies  in  European  Politics. 
*Lowe:   Prince  Bismarck. 

Busclr.   Our  Chancellor. 

Whitman:   Imperial  Germany. 

Baring- Gould;  German}7",  Past  and  Present. 

Von  Sybel:  The  German  Empire. 
*Smith:   William  I.  and  the  German  Empire. 

Ely:  French  and  German  Socialism, 
*Dawson:   German  Socialism. 
*Dawson:   Bismarck  and  State  Socialism. 

Dawson :    Germany  and  the  Germans. 

Malleson:  Rebuilding  of  the  German  Empire. 

Headlam:   German  Empire. 

Ely:  In  International  Review,   May,  '82,  on  Bismarck  and 
Socialism. 

Lavelaye:  The  European  Terror,  in  Fortnightly,  April,  '83. 

A.    SUMMARY  TO  1648. 

1.  The  old  empire;  common  misapprehensions  and  causes  for 

them;  importance  of  correct  view ;  continuity  of  the  em- 
pire; re-union  of  West  and  East,  476;  attempt  to  restore 
seat  of  government  to  Rome  (800)  by  Leo  and  Karl,  and 
the  result  in  the  first  real  division  into  two  rival  empires. 
Office  of  the  Eastern  Empire  to  1453. 

2.  The  Holy  Roman  Empire,  800-1806:  Karl;  Otto,  962; 

dual  headship;  tenth  to  thirteenth  centuries,  strongest 
state  in  Christendom;  seventeenth  and  eighteenth,  the 
weakest, 
a.    Shifting  of  territory. 

Conquests  from  Slavs  by  Saxon  emperors,  the  Hansa, 
and  the  Teutonic  Knights. 


b.    Decay  of  the  Empire  and  disappearance  of  German  king- 
dom after  the  Hohenstaufens.     (Great  Interregnum.) 

1)  Causes  of  decay. 

a)  Italian  and  non-German  polrcy.      (The  crown 

of  the  German  kings  ''crushed  by  the  loftier 
imperial  diadem.") 

b)  Rivalry  between  the  two  heads. 

c)  Growing  feudalism  (decentralization). 

2)  Opportunity  for  these  enemies — in  the  elective  char- 

acter of  the  headship.     The  Golden  Bull. 

3)  The  Reformation  and  religious  wars.      (Opportun- 

ity of  Charles  V.)      Death  of  the  idea  of  universal 
empire. 

3.    Peace  of  Westphalia — economic  waste  (set  back  200  years) 
political  disintegration  and  loss  of  territory. 

B.  CONDITION  IN  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY,  or  from  the  Peace 
of  Westphalia,  1648,  to  French  Revolutionary  Wars.  (No 
history,  but  not  happy.) 

Biedermann,  Deutchland  im  Achtzehnten  Jahrhundert,  con- 
densed in  Fyffe,  vol.  I. 
A  loose  alliance  of  practically  sovereign  states. 

1.  Imoerial  elements. 

a.    The  emperor — practically  hereditary  and  devoted  to  ag- 
grandizing Austria. 

The  imperial  courts — no  power  of  compulsion. 
The  diet.  [electors, 

1)  Composition    <!  princes, 

[free  cities. 

2)  Powers — deliberative. 

2.  The  states 

a.  Of  the  first  order — 

1)  Austria:  composition,  races,  government   (Joseph 

II.  and  attempted  reforms). 

2)  Prussia:  extent  and  population;  absence  of  public 

opinion ;  caste  and  the  land. 

b.  Of  the  second  order— government ;  economic  and  social 

conditions. 

c.  Of  the  third  order— 250  petty  principalities,  50  imperial 

cities. 

d.  Knights  of  the  empire — 1,500  petty  sovereigns  ruling 

each  over  300-400  people. 

(A  cabinet  of  political  monstrosities,  "neither  Holy  nor 
Roman,  nor  an  empire.") 

3.  Military  and  financial  system.     Condition  of  the  people. 


C.  THE  NAPOLEONIC  WARS. 

1.  Steps  toward  union  (Stein,  Ropes,  Von  Sybel,  etc.) 

a.  1803.    Empire  secularized— free  cities  and  ecclesiastical 

states  absorbed  by  larger  neighbors — (overthrow  of 
Austrian  influence).  "Indemnity."  Hereditary  rights 
respected. 

b.  1805-6.      Alliance   of  secondary    states    with    France. 

(Confederation  of  the  Rhine.)  Germany  now  virtually 
under  three  governments.  The  middle  states  bribed  by 
the  booty  of  the  small  principalities  and  the  govern- 
ments of  the  knights,  which  they  now  absorb  (media- 
tization). 

c.  1806.     (Austerlitz.)    Fall  of  Holy  Roman  Empire. 

d.  1806-11.    Plundering  of  Austria  and  Prussia.    Creation 

of  the  sense  of  German  nationality. 

2.  Internal  Reform. 

a.  French  social  and  legal  S3^stems  introduced  in  central 

Germany. 

b.  Stein's  reforms  in  Prussia  after  Jena  ("possible  to  re- 

build the  foundations  now  that  the  walls  are  down"). 
Annals  American  Academy,  73. 

D.  THE  CONGRESS  OF  VIENNA,  1814-15. 

Seeley's  "Life  of  Stein;"  Fyffe,  vol.  II,  ch.l;  Larnard;  Von 
Sybel;  Britannica;  Annual  Register,  1814  and  1815;  Poole's 
Index. 

1.  Preliminary. 

Predecessor  in  Congress  of  Westphalia,  1648. 

Necessity  of  a  diplomatic  congress  to  re-arrange  Europe. 

Suggested  by  Pitt,  1804,  and  by  Stein,  1813. 

2.  Composition  (assembles  early  in  October,  1814.) 

a.  The  four  great  powers  (Metternich,  Alexander,  Harden- 

burg,  Castlereagh.)  Stein  without  official  position. 
France  (Talleyrand)  admitted  later.  These  the  real  Con- 
gress. 

b.  All  the  smaller  princes  of  Europe  in  person  or  by  repre- 

sentatives—entertained by  round  of  masques  and 
revels  while  the  great  powers  did  the  work. 

3.  The  program. 

a.    Of  minor  importance— for  the  most  part  already  deter- 
mined at  the  treaty  of  Paris. 

1)  Terms  of  peace    with    France  (modified  after  the 
Hundred  Days.) 

2)  Restorations  in  Germany,  Italy,  and  Spain.     (Re- 
actionary absurdities.) 


3)  New  arrangements  to  strengthen  frontier  against 
French  aggression. 

a)  Belgium  joined  to  Holland. 

b)  Swiss  neutrality  guaranteed  and  new  constitution 
approved. 

c)  Sardinia  gets  Genoa,  etc. 

d)  Prussia  and  the  Rhine  frontier. 
b.    Real  problems. 

1)  Reconstruction  of  Germany. 
Plans  and  motives. 

a)  Stein:    United  Germany — division  of  small  states 
between  Austria  and  Prussia ;  or  the  Empire  as  a 
genuine  confederation. 

b)  The  old  Rhine-bund  :      Complete  independence  of 
each  state. 

c)  Metternich :    A  loose  confederacy — for  foreign  de- 
fense and  internal  intrigue. 

2)  Territorial    indemnities.      (Agreement    of  Toplitz 
that  Austria  and  Prussia  should  be  restored  as 
nearly  as  possible  to  their  extent  before  Jena.) 

a)  Russia  ("Kingdom  of  Poland.") 

b)  Prussia  (Saxony.) 

(Austria  by  common  consent  indemnified  in  Italy, 
Venice,  etc.— Sweden  and  Norway.) 

4.  Progress. 

a.  The  German  Committee  (A.,  P.,  H.,  B.,  W.) 

Oct.  14  to  Nov.  16— no  progress;  meetings  broken  up  by 

b.  Bitterness  of  the  territorial  question. 

1)  Tsar's  plan  for  Poland— opposed  by  all  until  Nov. 
6.    King  of  Prussia  personally  won  over,  and  the 
Poland  question  settled. 

2)  Prussian  indemnity  in  Saxony— resisted  by  Austria. 

a)  Talleyrand's    opportunity;    doctrine  of  "Legiti- 
macy;" Talleyrand's  brilliant  victory. 

b)  Secret  league  of  France,   Austria    and  England 
against  Prussia  and  Russia. 

c)  Continuance  of  the  disagreement,  No  v.-Feb.;  com- 
promise attempted;  agreement  hastened  by 

c.  Napoleon's  return. 
The  Hundred  Days. 

d.  The  close  of  the  work  of  the  Congress. 

Compromises  as  to  remaining  matters  in  dispute. 

1)  Prussian  territory. 

2)  German  Confederation. 

5.  General  result. 


—23— 

a.  Narrow  and  reactionary  purposes — attempts  to  tramole 

upon  the  new  ideas  of  nationality,  etc.    But 

b.  Seeds  of  progress.      Austria  a  non-German  power,  while 

Prussia  is  made  the  champion  of  Germany  against 
Slav  and  Gaul. 

E.    THE  GERMANIC  CONFEDERATION  (1814-66)  to  the  Revolu- 

lutions  of  1848-50. 

[Introductory:  Prussia  to  1806  (Wilson,  242-249,  and 
Bibliography);  Prussian  and  Austrian  territory  in  1815, 
and  results  of  the  changes;  Stein's  reforms.] 

Composition,  powers,  character.  Grant  Duff,  258-59;  Von 
Sybel;  Wilson;  Fyffe.  Text  in  I,  3,  Contemporary  Sources. 

1.  The  Period«i8i5=30.     Fyffe.  II,  121-54,  405-12,  496, 

502;  Mueller,  1-23,  123-27,  159-62;  European  History 
from  Contemporary  Sources,  I,  3. 

a.  The  promised  constitutions 

1)  In  the  north  (Weimar). 

2)  In  the  south. 

3)  In  Prussia, (Prussia's  opportunity).    Thesettingin 

of  re-action,  1815-17  (Schmalz  pamphlet). 

b.  The  Burschenshaft,  and  liberal  demonstrations.      Mur- 

der of  Kotzebue  by  Sand. 

c.  Repression. 

1)  Metternich   and  his  congresses.      (The  Holy  Alli- 

ance.) The  Carlsbad  Resolutions  and  the  May- 
ence  Commission — "did  not  find  conspirators, 
but  it  made  them; "gag laws; imprisonments, etc. 

2)  In  Prussia— the  Provincial  Estates,  1823. 

2.  The  echoes  of  the  July  RevoIution==i83O. 

a.  Popular  successes  at  first,  and  constitutional  gains  in 

various  states  (Austria  busied  in  Italy,  and  Russia  in 
Poland). 

b.  Poland's  fall  arouses  further  revolutionary  movements 

in  Germany;  Harnbach  festival  and  the  Frankfort  con- 
spiracy (idealists  and  demagogues)  resulting  in  a  sad 
re-action.    Carlsbad  Resolutions  intensified. 
"Promises  on  the  part  of  the  princes;  unrestrained  devotion 
and  satisfaction  on  the  part  of  the  people;  a  call  for  constitutional 
freedom  ;  open  and  secret  re-action,  revolution  in  the  south ;  inter- 
vention of  the  areopagus  of  princes  ("the  crowned  conspirators 
of  Verona");  abrogation  of  popular  rights; — this  is  in  brief  the 
history  of  the  years  1815-30."— MUELLER. 

See  Papers  American  Historical  Association,  IV,  for  A  Cate- 
chism of  the  Re-action,  by  Andrew  D.  White. 


3.     1830=1848.     System  of  Metternich  declining.     Growth  of 
public  opinion.     Prussia  moving  toward  leadership. 

a.  Zollverein. 

b.  Landtag,  '47  (preliminary  movements;)  the  temporary 

failure,  because  of  king's  absolutism,  prepares  for  the 
Revolution  of  1848,  when  France  gives  the  signal. 

F.     1848-50.    THE  REVOLUTIONARY  PERIOD. 

From  the  February  Revolution  of  Parte  to  the  Humiliation  of 
Olmutz.  Mueller,  212-53 ;  or  Fyffe,  III.,  19-33, 74-81, 114-56. 

1.  The  March  Days. 

f    Italy. 
Austria    •<      Hungary. 

(     Vienna. 
The  smaller  states. 
Berlin. 

Constitutional  governments  based  upon  practically  universal 
suifrage,  with  overthrow  of  old  feudal  privileges,  over  all 
Germany,  secured  by  universal  demand  of  the  people. 

2.  The  movement  for  German  unit}7. 

a.  The  Ante  Parliament. 

Secession  and  revolt  of  the  Republicans. 

b.  The  Frankfort    National   Assembly,    May    18,    1848 

(elected   by  universal  suffrage;)  disappearance  of  the 
old  Diet. 

1)  Composition ;  loss  of  time  debating  a  Bill  of  Rights 
until  the  re-action  begins',  (conservative  ministries 
in  most  of  the  states.) 

2)  The  Frankfort  constitution — an  empire. 

a)  Kleindeutsch  and  Grossdeutsch  parties. 

b)  Hereditary  headship. 

3)  The  imperial  crown  offered  to  Frederick  William  IV. 
and  declined— March  28,  1849. 

a)  Hostile  attitude  of  Austria  and  the  south. 

b)  The  king's  distrust  of  a  revolutionary  assembly, 
and  a  torso-like  Germany. 

4)  Revolt  of  radicals— disruption  and    close    of   the 
Assembly. 

c.  The  Prussian  attempt  at  union. 

1)  Frederick  William's  offer  to  assume  the  headship  of 
a  voluntary  league  of  princes. 

2)  The  league  of  the  three  kings— joined  by  all  states 
except  A.,  B.,  S.,  W. 

3)  Austria  restores  the  old  Diet  (her  hand  free  now  in 
Hungary.) 

4)  The  troubles  in  Hesse,  and  Prussian  surrender  at 


Olmuetz.    Dissolution  of  the  Union,  and  restora- 
tion of  the  Confederacy. 
Close  of  the  Revolutionary  period 
in  France,  December,  1851, 
in  Italy,  Novarra,  March,  1849, 
in  Germany,  Olmutz,  December,  1850. 
The  results  of  the  two  years. 

Prussia  a  constitutional  state— and,  despite  her  errors,  the 
leader  of  the  movement  for  German  unity. 


—26- 


VI.     THE  NEW  EMPIRE. 

A.  PRUSSIA  AND  GERMAN  UNITY,  1850-71. 
From  Olmiitz  to  Versailles. 

1.  1850-57— No  progress  except  to  maintain  the  exclusion 

of  Austria  from  the  Zollverein. 

2.  William  I   (regent,   1857--61;    king,   1861-88;    emperor, 

1871-88)  and  Bismarck. 

a.  Military  reforms ;  constitutional  conflict ;  rule  without  a 

budget. 

b.  "Blood  and  iron." 

1)  Schleswig-Holstein  War   (history  of  the  duchies), 
1864,  leading  to 

2)  The  Six  Weeks'  War,  1866 ;  parties  and  alliances ; 
Koniggratz,  and  the  Peace  of  Prague ;  Austria  ex- 
cluded from  German}7. 

a)  North  German  Confederation,  1867-71. 
i)    Position  of  South  German  States.     (Napoleon.) 
ii)   The  Customs  Parliament  of  1868. 

3.  The  Franco-Prussian  War,  1870-71,  and  The  Empire. 

B.  THE  CONSTITUTION. 
Wilson  and  Burgess. 

1.  The  central  government. 

2.  The  States. 

3.  Local  government. 

a.  In  Prussia. 

b.  Free  cities. 

c.  Elsaas,  Lotheringen. 

4.  Questions  since  1871, 

a.  Financial  policy —  silver,  tariff,  the  Russian  commercial 

treaty  of  1894,  railways. 

b.  Colonies, 

c.  The  Culturkampf. 

d.  The  socialists. 

(The  Internationale.) 

1)  Repressive  legislation. 

2)  State  socialism,  and  labor  legislation.     (Brooks  on 
Compulsory  Insurance,  Special  Report  of  Commis- 
sion of  Labor,  No.  4,  for  1893.) 

3)  Growth  of  the  party. 

4)  The  program  of  the  Social  Democrats. 

f.  Political  parties  and  tendencies. 

g.  The  Army  Bill  and  the  1893  elections. 


—27— 

h.    The  attempted  return  to  a  policy  of  repression  in  1895 ; 
the  Force  Bill ;   the  attempt  to  punish  members  who 
refused  to  cheer  the  Emperor ;  the  vote  refusing  to  con- 
gratulate  Bismarck,  etc.    Later  politics. 
Germany— area,  208,738  sq.  mi.;  population,  49,428,470. 
Dependencies — area,  about  996,150  sq.  mi.;  population,  abovit 
6,500,000. 


VII.    ITALY. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

General  Histories  as  before.      (Murdoch  and  Maurice  espec- 
ially valuable. 

Gallenga:  Italy,  Present  and  Future. 

Gallenga :  Italy  and  the  Pope. 
* Dicey:  Victor  Emmanuel. 

Godkin:  Victor  Emmanuel. 

Forbes:  Garibaldi's  Campaign. 

Mariotte:  Italy  in  '48. 

Oliphant:  Makers  of  Modern  Italy. 

Bent:  Garibaldi. 

Mazade:  Cavour. 
*Probyn:  Italy. 

Hunt:  History  of  Italy. 

Hadley:  Railroads. 

Gladstone :  Gleanings. 

Much  recent  periodical  literature. 

A  good  historical  sketch  in  the  Chautauquan,  Nov.,  '93. 

See  also,  for  Italy  and  the  Pope,  Contemporary,  Oct.,  '92, 
also  Nov.  and  Dec.,  '92, 

Catholic  World,  59. 

Recent  review  articles  upon  Crispi . 

A.  INTRODUCTORY: 

Territorial  history  to  1792. 
I.    To  1494.     (Medieval  Italy.) 

1.  5th  and  6th  centuries— Italy  the  middle  land  in  the  contest 
between  the  Empire  and  the  Barbarians;    Result — Italy 
divided. 

a.  Critical  dates. 

1)  476.    Seat  of  Empire  moved  from  Italy. 

2)  565.  Lombards.    (Italy  not  again  united  till  1870.) 

b.  The  States  after  the  Lombard  conquest: 

1)  In  the  North— Lombardy  and  Venetia  (Exarchate 
of  Ravenna.) 

2)  In  the  South — Imperial. 

3)  In  the  middle— (later)  Papal  states  (generally  to  be 
classed  with  the  North  in  history.) 

2.  The  North  ro  1494. 

a.  Part  of  the  Empire  of  Karl  and  one  of  the  kingdoms  of 
the  Karolings.  800,  843,  888.  Growth  of  Papal 
States. 


—29— 

b.     Part  of  Restored  Empire  of  Otto— 962-1494. 

1)  Visit  of  German  kings  (invasions.) 

2)  Rise  of  free  city  republics,  and  the  leagues  against 
the  Hohenstaufens.     Virtual  independence.      Glory 
of  Italy. 

3)  Guelf  and  Ghibeline  and    degeneracy    of    the  free 
cities ;  Condotteri  princes,  and 

4)  Rise  of  the  Dukedoms. 
3.    The  South-to  1494. 

a.  Eastern  Empire  from  Narses  to  Guiscard— 1062. 

b.  1062.     "Two  Scicilies." 

c.  "Reunited"  (by  personal  union)  to  Holy  Roman  Empire 

(Fred.  II.) 

d.  Claimed  by  Aragon  and  by  Anjou  (marriage  relation- 

ship)  on  extinction  of  the  Hohenstaufens.    Dynastic 
struggles  to  1494. 

II.  1494—1792  (to  the  French  Revolution.) 

1.  1494.     (Invasion  of  Chas.  VIII.)    Bought  up  claim  of  An- 
jou and  of  the  Greek  empire.    Invited  by  the  Pope;  (Sav- 
onarola, etc.) 

2.  Subsequent  bartering  of  provinces   between    Hapsburgs 
and  Bourbons  down  to  1748  (Aix  la  Chapelle.)    Italy  the 
battle  ground  of  Europe.     Famous  men— Messena,  Bona- 
part,  Spinoza,  Galileo.    Effect  upon  Italy  of  Columbus' 
voyages. 

3.  1748—1792.    Peace;  internal  condition. 

III.  The  French  Revolution — Napoleon  and    Italy.    Rearrange- 
ments, consolidation,  and  idea  of  Nationality. 

IV.  The  restorations  and  the  states  in  1815. 

B.    1815-1848. 

Mueller,  23-42,  129-133,  202-212;  Fyffe,  11,40-41,83-86;  178. 
204,  398-405,  412-414,  465-486;  also  vol.  Ill,  passim. 

1.  General  characteristics. 

a.  Governments. 

b.  Secret  societies — Carbonari,  Sanfedesti,  Young  Italy. 

2.  Periods  of  revolution. 

a.  1820-21.    Naples ;  800  condemned  to  death ;  double  that 

sent  to  prison  and  the  galleys ;  innumerable  exiles ; 
Probyn,  21 ;  Piedmont. 

b.  1830.    Papal  states. 

c.  1848.     (Aspirations  for  National  Union.) 

1)   In  Sardinia. 

a)  Constitution. 

b)  War  with  Austria  (Novarra). 
Charles  Albert  and  Victor  Emmanuel. 


—30— 

2)  In  Rome — the  French. 

3)  In  Naples.     (Gladstone,  VI.) 

4)  In  Venetia  (Daniel  Manin). 

C.  GROWTH  OF  SARDINIA  INTO  KINGDOM  OF  ITALY. 

(Title  "King  of  Italy"  assumed  temporarily  by  Charles  Albert 
in  '48.) 

1.  King  Victor  and  the  constitution. 

2.  Preparatory  reforms:  church  and  state. 

3.  Cavour.    Crimean  War. 

4.  War  of  1859,  and  results. 

a.  Uprisings  for  Italian  Unity  in  the  duchies. 

b.  Garabaldi  in  Sicily. 

c.  The  papal  states. 

D.  KINGDOM  OF  ITALY,  1861. 

Territory  and  capital;  first  parliament.      (Death  of  Cavour, 
June  6^  1861.) 

1.  The  Six  Weeks'  War-Venetia. 

2.  The  Franco-Prussian  War — Rome. 

(Italy  in  Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning's  poems.) 

E.  ITALY  SINCE  1870. 

1.  The  constitution— parts  and  powers.    Annals  of  American 
Academy  for  translation. 

2.  Political  parties  and  leaders,  1870-96. 

3.  Electoral  reform,  1880-82. 

4.  European  relations. 

5.  The  papal  see.    Gladstone,  I,  IV,  VI. 

6.  Army  and  navy. 

7.  Railways. 

8.  National  finances  taxation  and  wealth. 

9.  Agriculture  and  industries. 

10.  Education. 

11.  Emigration  and  colonies— the  Abyssinian  war  of  1896. 

12.  Social  order. 

Italy— area,  110,623  sp.  mi.;  population,  30,535,848. 
Colonies  and  protectorates— area,  546,100  sq.  mi.;  popula- 
tion, 6,258,800. 


—31— 


VIII.    THE  AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN  MONARCHY. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

General  Histories  as  before. 

Year  Books  and  Annual  Encyclopaedias. 
*Laveleye:    The  Balkan  Peninsula. 
*Memoir  of  Deak. 

Vambery.    Story  of  Hungary. 

Memoirs  ci  Metternich. 
*Drant  Duff:    European  Politics. 

Malleson:    Life  of  Metternich. 

Leger:    Austro-Hungary. 

Hume:    Hungary. 

Whitman:    Austro-Hungary. 

De  Worms:    Austro-Hungarian  Empire. 

Coxe:    House  of  Austria-Hungary,  and  Memoirs  of  Kossuth. 

Fournier:    Francis  Joseph  and  his  Realm   in  Forum,  May, 
1896,  for  a  brief  outline  of  history  since  1848. 

Evans:    Through  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina. 

A.    AUSTRIA  TO  1859. 

1.  Growth  in  dignity  of  Austria. 

a.  Margravate  (Oestreich)  in  ninth  century  created  by  Karl 

against  Bulgars  and  Magyars. 

b.  Duchy,  1154  (with  added  territor\r)  for  successes  against 

the  Slavs. 

c.  Archduchy,  1453-1804.     (Successes  against  the  Turks.) 

d.  "Empire,"  1804. 

2.  Growth  of  heredity  dominions  of  the  Hapsburgs. 

a.  Duchy  of  Austria  seized  by  Rudolph,  first    Hapsburg 

emperor  (1274.)     Hapsburg  dukes  continue  to  increase 
hereditary  dominions  in  time  of  the  Bohemian  emperors. 

b.  Hungary  and  Bohemia  added  by  Ferdinand,  brother  of 

Charles  V,  of  the  second  line  of  Hapsburg  emperors 
— who  virtually  become  hereditary. 

3.  17th  century. 

a.  Wars  against  the  Turk  (siege  of  Vienna,  1683.) 

b.  The  Thirty  Years'  War. 

4.  18th  century. 

a.  (Prince  Eugene)  wars  of  Louis  XIV.  and  with  the  Turk. 

b.  The  Rise  of  Prussia — Frederick  II. 

c.  Joseph  II.  and  attempted  reforms. 

5.  Austria  under  Metternich. 


6.     Austrian  foreign  polky. 

a.  1815-59.    Italy,  etc.;  congresses. 

b.  1859-66.    Germany;  the  Six  Weeks'  War;  Austria  ex- 

cluded from  Germany. 

B.  HUNGARY  TO  THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 

Crown  of  St.  Stephen;  Golden  Bull,  1222;  the  Hussites,  1414; 
wars  with  the  Turks,  and  revolts  against  Austria  to  the 
eighteenth  century ;  Pragmatic  Sanction,  1723. 

C.  HUNGARY  AND  ITS  RELATIONS  TO  AUSTRIA. 

1815-66.  Fyffe,  II,  476-96;  III,  62-96,  154-56,  321-28,  387- 
92 ;  Maurice ;  or  Memoir  ofDeak. 

1.  1815-25.    No  Diet  in  Hungary;  the  "System"  in  the  empire. 

2.  Struggle  for  reform  in  Hungary  between  liberals  and  con- 
servatives, and  then  between  the  nation  and  the  Austrian 
government;  mainly  for  civil  and  economic  reforms. 

a.  1825-34.    Lower  House    (representatives)  for   reform; 

Upper  House  (magnates)  opposed. 

b.  1S34.    The  magnates  won  over. 

Deak  enters  Diet  of  1833  (refuses  to  sit  in  1843.) 

c.  1 840.    Diet  passes  many  limited  civil  and  economic  re- 

forms. 

d.  Struggle  to  abolish  "exemptions"  of  the  "nobles."    Fin- 

ally the  nobles  voluntarily  relinquish  the  profits  of 
their  privileges. 

3.  Struggle  for  Political  Reform,  1847-66. 

a.  The  program  of  1847. 

b.  The  March  Laws,  '48. 

c.  The  rebellion  (Kossuth);  failure;  attempt  to  consolidate 

Hungary  with  Austria. 

d.  Passive  resistance,  1850-66;  Deak;  the  Doctrine  of  Home 

Rule. 

1)  1850-59.      Military    despotism;    continuation    of 
system  of  Metternich  (Swartzenberg  and  Bach.) 

2)  1859-65.    Attempt  to  create  local  government  for 
the   parts   of  Austrian    dominions,   with    strong 
central  government  (Schmerling);  offer  of  a  Diet  to 
Hungary,  and  a  national  parliament  to  Austrian 
dominions. 

3)  1865   (Belcredi.)      Federal  period;    Hungary   still 
holds  out  for  her  old  rights  and  the  laws  of  '48. 

4)  1866-67  (Beust.)     Hungary  wins;  the  Dual  Mon- 
archy—Deak 's  plan. 


—33— 

D.  THE  CONSTITUTION. 
Wilson. 

1.  Imperial  elements. 

a.  The  executive  (titles);  and  powers. 

b.  The  Delegations — composition,  place,  powers,  method  of 

work. 

2.  Matters  of  treaty  between  the  two  states. " 

3.  State  constitutions. 

a.  Austria— central  and  local. 

b.  Hungary — central  and  local.     (Croatia.) 

E.  AUSTRIA  SINCE  1867. 

1.  Foreign  policy. 

a.  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina — 1877-78. 

The  Congress  of  Berlin. 

b.  The  Triple  Alliance. 

2.  Present  questions. 

a.  Race  animosities  and  claims. 

1)  The  feeling  between  the  two  halves. 

2)  The  Slav-movement  within  the  Austrian  half— the 
Czechs. 

3)  The  Slav-movement  within  the  Hungarian  half— 
the  Roumanians. 

b.  The  Church— the  Culturkampf  from  1850. 

1)   Various  civil  marriage   bills    and    like   measures, 

1894-6. 
a)  The  veto  of  the  Magnates. 

c.  Pan  Slavism. 

d.  Parties  arid  party  government. 

e.  Foreign  policy. 

Area,  240,942  sq.  mi.;  41,231,342. 


—34— 


7X.    THE  IBERIAN  PENINSULA.-SPA1N. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Harrison:  rfistory  of  Spain. 

Seeley's  Stein,  for  the  Spanish  Revolution. 

Webster:  Spain. 

Grant  Duff. 

Wallis:  Spain, 

Periodicals:  See  the  Fortnightly,  in  particular. 

A.  SURVEY  TO  NAPOLEONIC  WARS. 

1.  Union,  and  expulsion  of  Moorish  kingdom  in  1492. 

2.  Expulsion  of  the  Moriscoes. 

3.  The  overthrow  of  free  institutions. 

a.  Military  and  financial  independence  of  Chas.  V. 

b.  The  Inquisition. 

4.  Spain  the  subsidizing  power  of  the  seventeenth  century. 
Taxation  and  industries ;  general  decay ;  decline  of  popula- 
tion—20  m.  (Arabs),  12  ra.  (Chas.  V),  6  m.  (1700). 

5.  The  French  Bourbons  and  partial  restoration  of  prosper- 

ity in  the  eighteenth  century. 

B.  NAPOLEON  IN  SPAIN— NATIONAL  RESISTANCE.     THE    CONSTI- 

TUTION OF  1812. 

C.  THE  RESTORATION  OF  1814. 

1.  Ferdinand  VII  and  his  coup  d'etat. 

2.  The  Camarilla  (50,000  political  prisoners). 

D.  SPAIN  SINCE  THE  RESTORATION. 

1.  The  Revolution  of  1820. 

a.  Interference  of  France;  and  the  "crowned  conspirators 
of  Verona;"  Canning  "calls  the  New  World  into  exist- 
ence to  redress  the  balance  of  the  Old." 

2.  The  Salic  law  and  the  Carlists. 

a.  Abrogation  of  the  Salic  law  in  1830. 

b.  Civil  war  between   Christinists  (liberals)  and   Carlists 

(absolutists),  1833-40. 

1)  Constitution  revised  (1812)  in  1837. 

2)  Espartero  regent,  1840-43. 

3.  Accession  of  the  young  princess  Isabella  in  1843,  and  the 

triumph  of  French  influence  (life  of  the  queen). 

a.  The  re-actionary  alterations  in  the  constitution  in  '45. 
Grant  Duff,  15-16. 

b.  French  marriage  in  1847. 


—35— 

c.  Concordat  of  51. 

d.  Numerous  attempts  at  revolution. 

e.  The  Absolutist  Reign  of  Terror. 

4.  Revolution  of  1868-69. 

a.  Serrano  and  Prim. 

b.  The  new  constitution— radical. 

c.  Search  for  a  king.     (Franco-Prussian  War.) 

5.  Amndeo  king,  1870-73;  abdication. 

6.  The  Republic,   1873-75.      (Decentralized  federation  with 

separation  of  church  and  state.) 

a.  Civil  wars. 

b.  Castelar's  presidency. 

c.  Serrano  military  dictator,  1874. 

E.    THE  NEW  SPAIN. 

(Dating  from  the  restoration  of  Alphonso  XII,  son  of  the  last 
queen,  1875-85 ;  followed  by  Alphonso  XIII  (posthumous 
son),  1885 — Regency  of  the  Queen;  liberal  ministry  of  Sa- 
gasta. 

1.  Suppression  of  revolts  in  Spain  and  Cuba,  1876. 

2.  Liberal  Constitution  of  1876.    Mueller,  600. 

3.  Reforms— mainly  of  Sagasta's  administration. 

a.  Slavery  abolished  in  the  Antilles  in  1881. 

b.  Colonial  government  re-organized ;  Cuba  and  Porto  Rica 

given  responsible  governments  and  home  rule,   with 
representation  also  in  the  Spanish  Cortez. 

c.  Jury  trial,  1887. 

d.  Civil  marriage. 

e.  Manhood  suffrage  in  1890. 

f.  Long  series  of  reforms  in  taxation,  which  in  1876  was 

still  upon  a  Dark  Age  basis. 

4.  Education. 

5.  Colonies— 9V2  million  population  inhabiting  405,338  sq. 

mi.,  in  three  groups:  America,  Asiatic  Islands,  and  Mor- 
occo—governed, with  exceptions  noted  above,  as  crown 
colonies. 

6.  Cuba — through  the  century. 

7.  Army. 

8.  Present  problems. 

a.  Domestic. 

1)  Education. 

2)  Finances. 

b.  Foreign. 

1)  Gibraltar. 

2)  Union  with  Portugal. 

Spain— area,  196,670  sq.  mi.,  population,  17,565,632. 


—36— 


X.    THE  IBERIAN  PENINSULA.— PORTUGAL. 
Crawford:    Stephens. 

A.  To  NAPOLEON. 

1.  One  of  the  numerous  states  of  the  peninsula  in  medieval 
times;  gradually  gains  so  much  national  consciousness 
(Camoens,  De  Gama,  Dom  Henry)  as  to  make  its  subjec- 
tion to  Spain  difficult. 

2.  Overrun  by  Philip  II.    Loss  of  a  large  part  of  its  colonial 
empire.    War  of  Independence,  1640-65. 

3.  Close  political  and  social  relations  with  England  until 
Napoleon's  wars. 

B.  NAPOLEON  OCCUPIES  THE  COUNTRY,  1807,  WHEN  PORTUGAL 

REFUSES  TO  PROHIBIT  TRADE  WITH  ENGLAND. 

1.  Flight  of  the  Braganzas  to  Brazil. 

2.  Popular  rising,  aided  by  the  English    (Wellington    and 
Moore.) 

C.  PORTUGAL  A  PROVINCE  OF  BRAZIL,  1807-21. 

D.  PORTUGAL  SINCE  THE  SEPARATION  FROM  BRAZIL. 

1.  Rising  for  a  constitution  in  1821;  the  Radical  Constitu- 
tion. 

2.  King  John,  leaving  his  son  Pedro  I.  to  rule  Brazil,  returns 
to  Portugal,  accepting  the  constitution.      (By  a  secret 
article,  in  a  treaty  with  Brazil,  it  is  provided  that  the  two 
crowns  shall  never  again  be  united.) 

a.  Re-actionary  opposition  of  the  Queen  and  Miguel,  1821- 

26. 

b.  Abrogation  of  the  constitution  (influence  of  the  Spanish 

counter-revolution  of  1824.) 

3.  Pedro  of  Brazil,  on  death  of  John,  resigns  his  rights  to  the 
Portuguese  crown  in  favor  of  his  infant  daughter,  first 
granting  the  moderately  liberal  constitution  of  1826. 

U  Civil  war  between  the  Pedrists  and  the  Miguelists,  1826-34. 
(Arrival  of  Pedro  to  act  as  regent,  after  resigning  the 
Brazilian  throne  to  his  son,  Pedro  II.) 

5.  Constitution  disregarded;  the  country  distracted  by  rebel- 
lions and  civil  wars  until  1851. 

6.  Growth  of  constitutional  sentiment.  Queen  Maria  folio  wed 
in  1853  by  her  son  Pedro  V.;  succeeded  by  Luis  I.;  suc- 
ceeded, 1889,  by  his  son  Carlos  I. 

Peaceful  and  parliamentary  government  since  1851. 

E.  THE  CONSTITUTION  (1826,  revised  in  1852,  1878,  1885.) 


—37— 

F.    THE  CHURCH. 
Q.    PROBLEMS. 

Education  and  Finance. 

Federation  with  Spain. 

Area,  including  Azores  and   Madeira  islands,  34,038  sq.  mi. 
population,  4,708,178. 

Dependencies— area,  743,204  sq.  mi.;  population,  5,371,200. 


—38— 

.Y7.    THE  SMALL  CENTRAL  STATES— SWITZERLAND. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
General  Histories. 
Adams  and  Cunningham. 
Moses. 
Wilson. 
MacCracken. 
Winchester. 
Vincent. 

Sowerby:    The  Forest  Cantons. 

English  Historical  Review,  Oct. '95:    The  Sonderbund. 
Yale  Review,  Nov.  '95 :    The  Referendum,  etc. 
Sullivan:    Direct  Legislation. 
Constitution  in  Old  South  Leaflets. 

A.  HISTORY. 

1.  To  1815. 

a.  The  League  of  Uri,   Schwys,  and  Unterwalden,  1291; 

Mortgarten  (1315);  growth  ef  the  League — Luzerne, 
Berne,  Zurich,  etc.;  Sempach,  1385;  virtual  independ- 
ence (leagues  of  cities  elsewhere  and  their  fate);  Charles 
the  Bold,  1474-77;  peace  of  Westphalia,  1648;  various 
forms  of  the  League;  growth  to  13  states  (all  German); 
internal  discord;  Swiss  mercenaries;  the  Reformation. 

b.  1798.    Uprisings  of  the  lower  classes;  French  interven- 

tion; the  Helvetic  Republic  (centralization.) 

c.  Napoleon  and  the  Act  of  Mediation,  1803. 

2.  Switzerland  and  the  Congress  of  Vienna,  1815;  the  Federal 
Pact. 

a.  A  loose  federation;  neutrality  guaranteed. 

b.  Epoch  of  discord;  religious  and  political  dissensions. 

An  ill-assorted,  loose  union  of  democratic  and  oligarchic, 
country  and  city,  Protestant  and  Catholic,  German, 
French  and  Italian  cantons  (22.) 

c.  The  Sonderbund;  civil  war,  1847. 

3.  Constitution  of  1848. 

B.  SWITZERLAND  TODAY. 

(Population  about  3,00,000;  59  per  cent.  Protestant,  41  per 

cent.  Catholic.) 
1.    The  federal  government, 
a.     Legislature. 

(The  referendum  and  initiative.) 


—39— 

b.    Executive  and  Judiciary. 

2.  Canton  and  commune. 

3.  Religion. 

4.  Education. 

5.  Army. 

6.  Wealth. 


XIII.    SMALL  CENTRAL  STATES-THE  NETHERLANDS. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Rogers:    Holland. 

Grattan:    History  of  the  Netherlands. 

Grant  Duff. 

Griffis:    Brave  Little  Holland. 

A.  HISTORY  TO  1815. 

1.  Beginnings  of  Flanders  and  Holland,  ninth  century,  fiefs 
of  the  empire. 

a.  Liberal  governments. 

b.  Early  decline  of  feudalism  and  rise  of  cities. 

2.  Fiefs  of  Burgundy— Philip  the  Good,  Charles  the  Bold. 
"The  Great  Privilege"  secured  from  Mary  of  Burgundy. 

3.  Austrian  possessions. 

4.  Spanish. 

a.  The  Inquisition. 

b.  The  War  for  Independence — southern  provinces  recon- 

quered by  Spain. 

5.  The  Dutch  Republic,  1609-1795. 

a.  Peace  of  Westphalia,  1648. 

b.  Progress  in  power  and  civilization. 

c.  Struggles  with  Louis  XIV. 

d.  Stadtholder  hereditary,  1748. 

6.  The  Batavian  Republic,  1795-1806. 

7.  Kingdom  of  Holland  (Louis  Napoleon.) 

8.  Consolidation  with  France,  1810.      ("The  alluvium  of 
French  rivers.") 

9.  "The  Dutch  take  Holland,"  1813. 

B.  THE  KINGDOM  OF  THE  NETHERLANDS,  1815., 
Holland  and  the  Austrian  Netherlands  united . 
The  Revolt  of  Belgium,  1830. 

C.  HOLLAND  TODAY. 
(The  Netherlands.) 

1.  Government,  national  and  local. 
The  franchise — history  of,  since  1815. 

2.  Colonies  and  dependencies. 

3.  Education. 

D.  BELGIUM. 

1.    Causes  of  separation  from  Holland;  race,  religion,  unequal 


representation,  Dutch  officials,  unequal  financial  burdens. 
(Occasion,  the  French  Revolution  of  1830.) 

2.  The  Constitution  of  1831. 

Amendments  in  1848,  and  1893.     (Suffrage.    Elections  of 
1894.    Disappearance  of  the  Liberals.) 

3.  The  Culturkampf. 

4.  King  Leopold. 

5.  Industrial  agitation. 

6.  Relation  to  France.    Fortnightly,  Jan.,  1887. 

7.  Belgium  and  the  Congo  State. 

Holland— area,  12,648;  pop.,  4,669,596;  steadily  increasing; 

gained  80  per  cent  since  1830. 
Colonies — area,  766,137;  pop.  about  33  millions. 
Belgium— area,  11,373;  pop.  6,069,321;  gain  of  50  per  cent 

since  1830. 


1,2— 


XIII.    SCANDINAVIA. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Boyeson:  Story  of  Norway. 

Otte:  Denmark  and  Iceland. 

Berkley:  Quarterly,  October,  1880. 

Nineteenth  Century,  January,  1888. 

Political  Science  Quarterly,  I,  259-94.    (June  1886.) 

A.  To  THE  UNION  OF  KALMAR. 

1.  The  old  Teutonic  organization. 

2.  Consolidation  in  the  ninth  century.    Gorm,  Eric,  and  Har- 

old Haarfager. 
Foreign  colonization. 
Sweden  and  Denmark  quickly  feudalized,  Norway  more 

slowly. 
Consent  of  the  local  Things  necessary  to  new  laws  until 

1200. 

3.  Various  political  combinations  and  wars. 

B.  UNION  OF  KALMAR,  1397. 

(Queen  Margaret  and  her  nephew,  Eric  of  Pomerania). 

1.  Provisions. 

a.  Perpetual  union  for  foreign  affairs  under  one  king— Eric 

and  his  successors. 

b.  Each  state  to  have  its  own  laws. 

2.  Result— the  northern  kingdoms  vassal  states  of  Denmark. 

C.  REBELLION  OF  SWEDEN  (GUSTAVUS  VASA),  1521-23. 

1.  Growth  into  a  great  state — seventeenth  and  eighteenth 

centuries. 
The  Baltic  a  Swedish  lake  in  1700. 

2.  Charles  XII  and  Peter  of  Russia. 

3.  Loss  of  Finland  (1807)  and  Pomerania  (1814). 

D.  DENMARK  [AND  NORWAY  UNTIL  TREATY  OF  KIEL,  1814]. 

1.  Norway  a  subject  province  governed  and  plundered  by 

Danish  officials. 
a.    Loss  of  Norway  in  1814. 

2.  Constitution  and  constitutional  changes. 

a.  Elective  monarchy;  growth  of  feudal  anarchy. 

b.  1660— Frederick    III    allies    himself    with    clergy    and 

burghers  against  the  nobles.  Denmark  becomes  an 
hereditary  monarchy  and  practically  an  absolute  des- 
potism—until 1848. 


— 43— 

c.  1848.    Representative  government. 

(The  Schleswig-Holstein  question,  1848-64.) 

d.  1876.    Responsible  government,   after  a  constitutional 

struggle. 

e.  Constitution  today. 

Hereditary,  constitutional  monarchy ;  Riksdag  of  two 
houses;  upper  house,  elected  indirectly,  represents 
wealth :  lower  house  elected  directly  by  manhood  suf- 
frage. 

f.  Iceland:  constitution  and  government. 

E.    SWEDEN  AND  NORWAY,  1814 — . 

1.  Bernadotte,  favorite  marshal  of  Napoleon,  chosen  crown 

prince  of  Sweden,  1812,  under  name  of  Charles  John. 
After  Moscow,  joins  allies  and  is  promised  Norway. 
Peace  of  Kiel ;  Denmark  forced  to  cede  Norway. 

2.  Norway's  attempt  at  Independence. 

Diet  of  Eidsvold,  May  17,  1874.  Constitution:  limited 
hereditar\r  monarch}',  representative  legislature,  Luth- 
eran religion,  independent  judiciary,  freedom  of  the 
press,  etc. 

3.  Treaty  between  the  two  states. 

Union  under  Swedish  king— with  preservation  of  her  con- 
stitution (slightly  modified)  to  Norway. 

4.  Constitutions  of  the  two  states  and  the  union.      ( Wilson.) 

5.  History  since  the  union. 

a.  Sweden  :  alterations  in  the  constitution. 

b.  Norway :  struggle  for  home  rule. 

1)  Abolition  of  nobility,  1821. 

2)  Resistance  to  proposals  for  closer  union. 

3)  Responsible  ministry,  1872-84. 

(King's  claim  of  absolute  veto  on  constitutional 
amendments.    The  Sverdrup  ministry.) 

4)  Agitation  for  separate  consular  service. 

a)  Commercial  jealousy  between  the  two  countries 

and  conflicting  interests. 

b)  Steen  and  Stang  ministries. 

c)  Proposal  of  arbitration  in  1893. 

d)  The  1 894  elections. 

e)  The  joint  commission. 

Sweden— area,  170,979;  population,  4,806,865. 
Norway— area,  124,445;  population,  2,000,917. 


XIV.    RUSSIA. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

General  Histories  as  before. 

Rambaud:    History  of  Russia  (the  best  in  English). 

Russia,  in  "Story  of  Nations." 
*Leroy  Beaulieu:    The  Tsars  and  the  Russians. 
*Stepniak:  The  Russian  Peasant  (Revolutionist);  Underground 
Russia;  Russia  Under  the  Tsars;   King  Stork  and  King 
Log. 
*Heard:    The  Russian  Church  and  Russian  Dissent. 

Brodhead:    Slav  and  Moslem. 

Count  Munster:    Political  Sketches. 

Kinglake,  I. 
*Tikotnerov:    Russia,  Political  and  Social  (Revolutionist). 

Latimer:    Russia  and  Turkey  in  the  Nineteenth  Century. 

Wallace:    Russia. 

Dixon:    Free  Russia. 

Grant  Duff. 

Kennan's  articles,  Century,  1888-89. 

Fortnightly,  1886,  p.  545,  and  Feb.,  1891. 

Quarterly,  Jan.,  1891. 

See  Poole  for  innumerable  articles. 

A.    To  THE  HOUSE  OF  ROMANOFF. 

1 .  The  early  Slavic  tribes. 

2.  Rurik  and  the  Varangians  found  the  Russian  state,  862 
(Slavic  theory,  Beaulieu,  translators'  note,  I,  253,  seq.) 

The  two  centers,  Kieff  and  Novgorod. 

3.  Vladimir;  the  Greek  church ;  unites  the  Russian  tribes. 
Redivisions ;  princely  anarchy ;  the  great  free  cities ;  corres- 
pondence to  Western  Europe. 

4.  The  Tartar  Conquest  of  the  thirteenth  century,  and  the 
simultaneous    Lithuanian    aggressions    from   the   Wes>t; 
"Muscovy"   (Moscow),  recently  founded  by  emigration, 
1147,  now  the  center  of  Russian  power,  though  a  tributary 
state;  origin  of  the  distinctions  between  Great  Russia  (the 
new  Russia  formed  by  emigration  and  aifected  by  Tartar 
and    Finnish  elements),  Little  Russia  (the  Russia  with 
Kieff  for  its  center,  affected  by  Tartar  conquest  and  Mo- 
hammedan rule),  and  White  Russia  (affected  by  Lithuanian 
and  Polish  conquest);  political  conditions;  results  in  char- 
acter. 


5.  The  Ivans. 

Ivan  III  (the  Great),  1462-1505,  and  Ivan  IV  (the  Terri- 
ble), his  grandson. 

a.  The  Turks  shatter  the  power  of  the  Golden  Horde* 
Muscovy  throws  off  the  weakened  Tartar  yoke,  and  re- 
conquers Little  and  part  of  White  Russia ;   Ivan  III 
marries  Sophia   Palasologus,  niece  of  last  Byzantine 
emperor  (Russia  the  successor  of  the  Roman  Empire- 
Tsar  and  Caesar). 

b.  Centralization  and  despotism. 

6.  Another  short  period  of  anarchy  and  foreign  domination 
under  the  Poles ;  Yladislas  and  Sigismund  rule  in  Moscow; 
the  national  uprising — Minin. 

7.  Election  of  Michael  Romanoff,  1613. 

a.  Territory :  no  sea  coast  except  on  White  Sea ;  bound- 

aries. 

b.  Russia  an  oriental  state. 

c.  Serfdom  introduced,  1593. 

B.  PETER  THE  GREAT — REFORMS. 

Rambaud;  Wallace,  310-11,  and  385-89;  Beaulieu,  I,  282-304. 

C.  GROWTH  FROM  THE  ACCESSION  OF  THE  ROMANOFFS  TO  THIS 

CENTURY. 
Rambaud;  Lodge. 

1.  By  colonization — (the  Cossacks)  from  an  early  period,  to 

north  and  east  at  expense,  generally,  of  savage  tribes 
(Siberia). 

2.  By  war,  at  expense  of  organized  political  states, 
a.  In  Europe. 

1 )  Peter  the  Great ;  the  Baltic  provinces.      (War  with 

Sweden.) 

2)  Elizabeth:  South  Finland. 

3)  Catherine:  Azof  and  the  Crimea;  the  Partitions  of 

Polanc'.. 

4)  Alexander  I:  Finland,  1807., 

b.  In  Asia — at  expense  of  petty  Mohammedan  principalities 
more  or  less  tributary  to  Turks,  or  of  Barbarian  tribes 
— mostly  in  the  reign  of  Alexander  II. — and  at  expense 
of  China. 

1)  Asiatic  railways. 

2)  Present  territorial  problems. 

D.  RUSSIA  TODAY. 

1.  Population,  racts,  etc. 

2.  Government. 


a.  Central  ("Despotism  tempered  by  assassination.") 

1)  Senate,  Council  of  State,  Ministers. 

2)  The  Bureaucracy — despotism  tempered  by  venality 
(the  nobility.) 

b.  Local. 

1)  The  divisions  (see  also  Year  Books)  and  the  govern- 
ment of  each  down  to  the  "Mir." 
(representative  institutions.) 

2)  The  "Mir"  (detailed  study  of  economic  and  political 

features.) 

3)  The  towns. 

4)  Justice  and  crime — the  police. 

5)  The  privileged  lands  and  their  fate  (trace  thro  the 
century.) 

a)  Baltic  provinces. 

b)  Poland. 

c)  Finland. 

3.  The  peasants  and  industry.      (Annals  Aw.  Academy,  III, 
225 ;  and  Columbia  College  Studies,  II,  besides  the  biblio- 
graphy. 

The  famine. 

4.  The  revolutionary  movement  (Nihilism.) 

5.  Political  parties. 

6.  Siberia  and  the  exiles. 

7.  The  Russian  church  and  the  Dissenters. 

8.  The  Jews. 

9.  Education. 

E.    THE  TSARS  IN  THIS  CENTURY. 

1.  Alexander  I,  1801-25.    The  Holy  Alliance ;  liberal  domestic 
policy;  Poland. 

2.  Nicholas  I,  1825-55.    Change  of  policy ;  Poland  ;  Crimean 
War  and  result. 

3.  Alexander  II,  1855-81.  Policy,  Count  Munster,  41*43 ;  em- 
ancipation; war  with  Turkey,  1877-78,  and  the  treaty  of 
Berlin ;  proposed  constitution. 

4.  Alexander  III.    Character  and  re-actionary  measures. 

5.  Nicholas  II. 


XV.    THE  BALKAN  PENINSULA. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

General  Histories  as  before:  Lodge,  Fyffe,  McCarthy. 

Lane-Poole:  Turkey.     (A  short  sketch,  English,   hence  pro- 
Turkish.) 
*Laveleye:    The  Balkan  Peninsula. 

Laveleye:  Primitive  Propert}". 

Latham:   Russian  and  Turk. 

Freeman:  The  Ottoman  Power  in  Europe. 
*Minchin:   Rise  of  Freedom  in  the  Balkan  Peninsula. 

Freeman:   Race  and  Language,  Essays,  3d  Series. 

Freeman:  Medieval  and  Modern  Greece  (ib.) 

Freeman:  The  Southern  Slavs  (ib.) 

Ranke:  Servia  and  the  Servian  Revolution. 

Samuelson:  Roumania,  Past  and  Present. 

Clark:  The  Races  of  European  Turkey. 

Seargent:  New  Greece. 

Finlay:  The  Greek  Revolution. 

Jebb:  Modern  Greece. 

Tukerman:  Greeks  of  Today. 

* Dicey:  The  Peasant  State  (Bulgaria.)     (Cf.  Dicey  in   Fort- 
nightly, April,  1896,  on  Russia  and  Bulgaria.) 

Latimer:  Russia  and  Turkey  in  the  Nineteenth  Century. 
PERIODICAL  ARTICLES. 

The  Eastern  Question  Historically  Considered,  Fortnightly, 
40-563. 

Baron  Hirsch's  Railway,  Fortnightly,  Aug.,  1888. 

The  Partition  of  Turkey,  Fortnightly,  48-862. 

Reform  in  Turkey,  Nineteenth  Century,  23-276. 

Fate  of  Roumania,  Fortnightly,  Dec.  1888. 

Russia  and  Bulgaria,  Contemporary,  Oct.  1886,  Fortnightly, 
April,  1896. 

Fortnightly,  July,  1888. 

Contemporary  Greece,  Fortnightly,  1890. 

Russia  and  the  Balkans,  Fortnightly,  Jan.  1895. 

[The  "Eastern  Question"— the  Balkan  Question,  the  Egyptian 
Question,  the  Central  Asiatic  Question ,  the  Southeastern  Question. 
Parties  to  each.  Originally  the  Eastern  Question  meant — what 
shall  be  done  with  the  lands  in  Southeastern  Europe,  from  which 
the  Turk  is  or  will  be  driven  ?  Three  elements  of  difficulty :  1)  the 
Turk;  2)  the  greed  of  the  great  European  powers  (Russia,  Austria, 
England);  3)  the  rivalries,  jealousies,  and  characteristics  of  the 


—48— 

native  populations.    The  explanation  of  this  last  to  he  sought  in 
the  history  of  those  lands.] 

A.    CHARACTERISTICS  OF  SOUTHEASTERN  EUROPEAN  LANDS  DUE  TO 
1.    Lack  of  amalgamation  of  races  before  the  Turkish  invasion 

West.  East. 


Correspondence 
of  races. 


Iberian  \        /  Albanian 
Kelt        /        \   Greek 
Roman 


Teuton  Slav, 

due  perhaps  to 

a.  Superior  Greek  culture  and  ethnic  consciousness,  and 
its  re-action  upon  barbarous  invaders. 

b.  Permanence  of  Greek  political  power  at  Constantinople. 

c.  Absence  of  political  genius  in  the  Slav  to  organize  na- 
tional states(?) 

2.    Later  invasion  of  the  Turk  and  his  character. 

B.  RESULT. 

All  distinctions  of  race  and  creed  more  persistent ;  aggregates 
of  peoples  rather  than  nations;  national  type  hardly  formed; 
enmity  of  neighboring  states.  (Austro-Hungary  intermedi- 
ate in  character,  as  well  as  geographically,  between  Western 
and  Eastern  Europe.)  . 

The  explanation  to  be  sought  in 

C.  THE  HISTORY  OF  THE  BALKAN  PENINSULA. 
I.    To  the  Turkish  occupation. 

1.  Under  the  Greek  empire:  culture  and  wealth. 

2.  Enemies  before  whom  the  Greek  empire  fell. 

a.  Slavic  invasions  from  the  sixth  century :  Slavic  states, 

Servia  and  Bulgaria ;  varying  extent  and  varying  rela- 
tions to  each  other  and  to  Constantinople.  Constan- 
tinople from  this  time  the  barrier  against  Asiatic  con- 
quest of  these  lands. 

b.  Persians. 

c.  Saracens:  siege  of  Constantinople,  717. 
The  Greek  Empire  saved  by 

1)  The  Isaurian  emperors. 

2)  The  break-up  of  the  Saracen  empire. 

d.  Turks  (Seljukian),  1071-1100,  in  Asia  Minor.      Sultan 
of  Roum  at   Nicea.       (lurks  :  Saracens  :     :  Teuton  : 
Roman  :    :  Slav  :  Greek.) 

Repulsed  and  broken  by  the  crusades. 

e.  The  fourth  crusade.    Wars  of  "Latins"  and  "Romans," 

1104-64;  general  disintegration  of  the  Christian  states 
paving  the  way  for 

f.  Ottoman  Turks. 


D.  UNDER  THE  TURKS. 

1.  Appearance,  1240.  Chivalrous  aid  to  Mohammedan  prince, 
and  reward  of  lands  in  Asia  Minor ;  cross  into  Europe ; 
head  of  the  Mohammedan  empire. 

2.  Causes  of  success. 

a.  Line  of  great  rulers  (Orkan,  enters  Europe,  1346 ;  Am- 
urath  I,  Adrianople,  Kassova,  Servia  tributary ;  Baja- 
zet  and  Tamerlane ;  Mahomet  I  reunites  the  empire ; 
Amurath  II;  Mahomet  II  takes  Constantinople,  1453). 

2.  Tribute  of  children — Janissaries;  turns  the  strength  of 
the  subject  nations  against  themselves. 

3.  Climax,  about  1550. 

a.  Boundaries.     The  Christian  frontier,  Venice,  Austria, 

and  Poland.     (State  of  Russia.) 

b.  Danger  of  Christendom— Siege  of  Vienna,  1683.    Sobi- 
eski  and  his  Poles. 

4.  Decay  of  Turkish  power. 

a.  Nature  of  Turkish  rule:    the  Christian  inhabitants- 

economic,  social,  political  condition;  taxation;  public 
works;  reforms;  security,  and  administration  of  justice. 

b.  The  Janissaries ;  the  Spahis. 

c.  Insurrections  and  foreign  attacks. 

(Lepanto,  1571;  siege  of  Vienna,  1683.) 

E.  How  THE  SUBJECT  RACES  WON  FREEDOM. 

(Freeman;  histories  of  the  separate  states ;  general  histories ; 
Laveleye;  Minchin.) 

1.  The  Hungarians,  1699. 

2.  The  Roumanians,  1774-1878. 

3.  The  Greeks,  1821-29. 

a.  Causes  of  insurrection. 

b.  The  war— Navarino  (1827).    Freeman,  182-3. 

c.  Capodistrias. 

d.  Kingdom  of  Greece:  boundaries,  etc.    Freeman,  184-5. 

4.  The  Slavs. 

a.  Montenegro   (Tzernagora),  1703.      Gladstone,   Glean- 
ings, iv. 

b.  Servia,  1804-1878. 

c.  Bulgaria,  1876.     (Gladstone,  "Bulgarian  Horrors.") 

d.  Bosnians,  Croats,  etc. 

F.  THE  RUSVSIAN  ADVANCE  (TO  1878). 
(Histories  of  Russia). 

1.  Treaty  of  Carlowitz,  1699. 

2.  "        "   Kutschouc  Kainardji,  1774. 

3.  "        "  Jassy,  1792. 


—50— 

4.  Treaty  of  Bucharest,  1812. 

5.  "        "   Adrianople,  1829.    ' 

6.  "        "   Paris,  1856. 

7.  The  settlement  of  1878. 

a.  The  War  of  1877-78. 

b.  Treaty  of  San  Stefano,  March,  1878. 

c.  "        "   Berlin,  July,  1878. 

Q.    THE  BALKAN  STATES  SINCE  1878. 

(History  and  present  political  and  economic  conditions  —  consti- 
tutions). 

I.  In  common: 

1.  Jewish  question. 

2.  The  Greek  church  and  the  other  sects. 

3.  Economic  progress. 

II.  The  separate  states. 

1.  Servia  (the  House  Communites,  or  Zadrugas  —  Laveleye's 
"Primitive  Property." 

2.  Montenegro.    Gladstone,  "Gleanings." 

3.  Bulgaria  (Great  Bulgaria  and  the  Servian  War).    Russian 
and  anti-Russian  policies. 

4.  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina. 

5.  Roumania  (peasant  emancipation). 

6.  Greece. 

7.  "Turkey."    (The  Armenian  atrocities  and  Crete.) 
Distinctions  between  these  Slav  peoples  and  especially  between 

the  different  branches  of  the  Serbs. 

H.    THE  BALKAN  QUESTION  TODAY. 

1.  What  the  question  is. 

2.  Aims  of: 

a.  Russia. 

b.  Austria. 

c.  England  (Greece,  Servia,  Bulgaria). 

3.  Possible  solutions. 

a.  Russian  dominance. 

1)  Conquest. 

2)  Suzerainty. 

b.  Austrian  dominance. 

c.  A  group  of  independent  states  [Constantinople  a  free 


Conflicting  claims. 
d.  A  Balkan  confederation. 

1)  With  Austria. 

2)  Without  Austria. 


XVI.    ENGLAND. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

See  General  Histories,  etc. 
*Burgess. 

Wilson. 

Hansard:  Parliamentary  History. 
*May,   Taswell-Langmead,  Young:  Constitutional  Histories. 

Fyffe:  Annals  of  our  Time. 
*Bagehot:   English  Constitution. 

Amos:   English  Constitution. 

Dicey:  The  Law  of  the  Constitution. 

Anson:  Law  and  Custom  of  the  Constitution. 
*Boutmy :   English  Constitution. 

Dicey:   The  Privy  Council. 

Todd:  Parliamentary  Government. 

Lecky:   Eighteenth  Century. 
*McCarthy:  Epoch  of  Reform. 
*0ur  Own  Times. 
*England  Under  Gladstone. 

Molesworth:  History  of  England,  3  vols. 

Walpole:  History  of  England,  3  vols. 
*  Bright:  History  of  England,  vol.  IV. 

Recollections  of  Lord  John  Russell. 
*Imperial  Parliament  Series  (valuable.) 
*English  Citizen  Series  (valuable.) 
*Toynbee:   Industrial  Revolution. 

Porritt:   Englishman  at  Home. 

Escott:   England. 

Morley:  Life  ot  Cobden. 

Woods:   English  Social  Movements. 

Webb:  The  Radical  Program. 

Webb:  History  of  Trade  Unionism. 

Morris  and  Bax:   Socialism,  Growth  and  Outcome. 

SchaffJe:   Impossibility  of  Social  Democracy. 

Shaw:   Fabian  Essays.  t 

Booth:  In  Darkest  England. 

Smalley:  London  Letters. 

Ward:  Queen  Victoria. 

Lives  of  the  Lord  Chancellors,  vol.  X.     (Brougham.} 
Brougham's  Acts  and  Bills,  1811-57. 

Mill's  Dissertations,  vols.  I.  Ill  and  IV. 
The  Radical  Program. 


—52  — 

Guizot:  History  of  England. 
Cox:  Reform  Bills  of  1866-67. 

On  the  Eve.    (Political  Handbook  for  Campaign  of  1892.) 
Shaw:  Municipal  Government  in  Great  Britain. 
Liberal  Federation  Publications. 

Numerous  articles  upon  English  Politics  in  the  English  Re- 
views. 

COLONIAL,  EASTERN,  AND  IRISH  POLICY. 
Dilke:  Problems  of  Greater  Britain. 
Dilke:  Problems  of  Defense. 
Seeley.    Expansion  of  England.    (Morley's  Review  in  Miscel. 

III.) 

Lucas:  Historical  Geography  of  British  Colonies. 
Milner:   England  in  Egypt. 
Vambery:  Coming  Struggle  for  India. 
Parkin:  Problems  of  National  Unity. 
Payne:  European  Colonies. 
Lecky:  The  Empire  and  Its  Value. 
Goldwin  Smith:  The  Empire. 
Bartlett:  Union  or  Separation. 
Rowe:  Bonds  of  Disunion. 

Ingram:  History  of  the  Irish  Union  (a  defense.) 
Teal:  South  Africa. 
Scott  Keltic:  Race  for  Africa. 
Knight:  Rhodesia  Today. 
Latimer:  Europe  in  Africa. 
Goldwin-Smith:  Canada. 
McCoan:    Egypt. 
Wallace:    Egypt. 

Trail:    The  Burden  of  Egypt,  in  19th  Century,  April,  1896. 
Wylde:    The  Soudan. 
Joyce:     History  of  Ireland. 
Lome:    Imperial  Federation. 
Cotton  and  Payne:    Colonies  and  Dependencies. 
Elliot:    Northeastern  Fisheries. 
Deane:    Short  History  of  Ireland. 
See  also  McCarthy's  works,  above,  for  Ireland  and  the  larger 

histories  named. 
Froude:    English  in  Ireland. 
Lecky' s  Eighteenth  Century. 
Numerous  works  on  England  and  Russia  in  the  East,  and 

periodical  articles  upon  Federation. 

Webb:    London  County  Council,  Contemp.,  Jan.,  1895. 
Hardig:    Independent  Labor  Party,  19th  Cent.,  Jan.,  1895. 
England  in  Egypt,  Quarterly,  Jan.,  1895. 
General  works  as  before. 


—53— 

INTRODUCTORY— 

England  Since  the  Glorious  Revolution,  1688-9. 

A.    GAINS  OF  THAT  REVOLUTION— 

Supremacy  of  Parliament  over  the  King  forever  established. 

1.  By  Bill  of  Rights. 

2.  By  securing 

a.  Annual  sessions  (purse  and  sword). 

b.  Triennial  parliaments  (septennial). 

c.  "Responsible"  ministries — in  modern  sense — representing 

the  majority  of  the  House  of  Commons. 

B.  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY,  1689-1815. 

1.  The  age  of  Philistinism  (Walpole). 

2.  European  warfare— colonial  expansion:   "conquered  and 
colonized  half  the  world  in  a  fit  of  absent-mindedness." 

3.  Barren  of  political  reform — except  for  strengthening  par- 
liamentary government,  and  for  vain  attempt  of  George 
III  to  overthrow  it.    See  Buckle,  I,  348-356. 

C.  CONSTITUTIONAL  DEVELOPMENT  SINCE. 

1.  To  develop  and  complete  ministerial  government.     (To 
make  the  ministry  more  fully  the  servants  of  the  "House.") 

2.  To  establish  supremacy  of  the  "House"  over  the  "Lords" — 
1832. 

3.  To  reform  and  extend  the  suffrage. 

a.  1832— First  Reform  Bill— to  middle  classes. 

b.  1867 — Second  Reform  Bill — to  town  democracy. 

c.  1884 — Third  Reform  Bill — to  rural  democracy. 

4.  To  reform  local  government. 

a.  In  boroughs. 

b.  In  counties. 

c.  In  parishes. 

D.  THE  MINISTRY  TODAY. 

Composition;  powers;  relation  to  the  written  law;  how  a 

change  of  government  is  brought  about. 
Result— the  union  of  the  executive  and  legislative  departments: 

advantages ;  the  position  of  the  monarch. 

E.  THE  PRIVY  COUNCIL  (Todd  and  Dicey). 

F.  PARTIES. 

1.  Origin  and  History. 

2.  Present  parties. 


Q.    ADMINISTRATIONS  SINCE  1815. 

Tories— Conservatives. 
1812-30— Liverpool:  Wellington. 
1830-34— 
1834-35-Peel. 
1835-41— 
1841-46— Peel. 
1846-52— 
1852       —Derby. 
1852-58— 
1858-59— Derby. 
1859-66— 

1866-68— Derby :  Disraeli. 
1868-74— 

1874-80— Disraeli  (Beaconsfield). 
1880-85— 
1885-86— Salisbury. 
1886       — 
1886-92— Salisbury. 
1892       — 
1895       —Salisbury. 


Whigs— Liberals. 
Earl  Grey. 
Melbourne. 
Lord  Russell. 
Aberdeen:  Palmerston. 
Palmerston:  Russell. 
Gladstone. 
Gladstone. 
Gladstone. 
Gladstone:  Roseberry. 


A.    PARLIAMENTARY  REFORM. 

I.  Introductory. 

1.  Composition  of  the  Commons  before  1832. 

a.  Towns — rotton  and  pocket  boroughs  (origin);  varieties 

of  borough  franchise;  large  towns  unrepresented. 

b.  The  narrow  county  franchise — 40  shilling  freeholders. 

c.  Voting — time,  place,  manner  (bribery  and  violence). 
Result— Corrupt  rule  of  a  small  landed  oligarchy. 

Need  of  a  sweeping. 

1)  Re-apportionment. 

2)  Extension  of  franchise. 

3)  Change  in  electoral  machinery. 

2.  Preliminary  efforts  at  reform. 

a.  1766-1815. 

b.  1815-1830   (including  repeal  of  test  and  corporation 

act,  and  Catholic  emancipation). 

II.  The  Reform  Bill  of  1832. 

1.  The  ministry. 

2.  The  struggle.      (Theory  of  a  conspiracy  for  revolution — 
The  Eleven  Days— Fortnightly,  Dec.,  1892).      The  lesson 
for  the  Lords  and  the  King. 

3.  Provisions. 

a.  Re-apportionment. 


1)  Boroughs. 

2)  Counties. 

b.  Extension  of  franchise. 

1)  Boroughs. 

2)  Counties. 

c.  Voting. 

Result— Power  transferred  to  the  middle  classes. 

III.  Second  Reform  Bill— 1867.     (Cox.) 

1.  Attempts  of  radicals  and  chartists  between  the  two  bills — 

2.  Conditions  in  the  sixties. 

3.  The  fall  of  the  liberals — the  attitude  of  the  conservatives. 

4.  Provisions  of  the  bill.     (Minority  representation.) 
Political  power  extended  to  the  Artisans  in  the  Towns. 

IV.  Third  Reform  Bill— 1884-5. 

1.  Enfranchisement  of  the  agricultural  laborers. 

Power  in  the  hands  of  the  masses— England  a  Demo- 
cracy. 

2.  Re-apportionment—single  electoral  districts,  etc. 

V.  Subsidiary. 

1.  Contested  elections— 1868. 

2.  Civil  service  reform— 1855-1870. 

3.  Ballot  Act— 1872. 

4.  Corrupt  Practices  Prevention  Act— 1883. 
(Century,  May,  1893.) 

5.  Educational  acts— 1870-91. 

B.    MORAL,  ECONOMIC  AND  SOCIAL. 
I.    1832-4. 

1.  Slavery. 

2.  Poor  Laws. 

3.  Irish  Tithes. 

4.  Factory  legislation  (carry  on  to  later  date.) 

5.  Penal  code. 
.    1846-52. 

Corn  Laws — Free  Trade. 

III.  Later  reforms  in  taxation;  further  factor}'  reforms;  legal 
status  of  women,  etc. 

IV.  1868-74.    Mr.  Gladstone's  Reform  Administration. 
Irish  Church. 

Education. 

Trade  unions  (repeal  of  "conspiracy"  laws.) 

Administration  of  the  laws  still  aristocratic— hence. 


C.  LOCAL  GOVERNMENT  REFORM. 
Old  administrative  divisions 

1.  Municipal  Reform  Act,  1835.     London,  through  the  cen- 
tury; present  government  (Contemp.  Jan.  1895;  The  Lon- 
don gilds. 

2.  County  Government,  1888. 

3.  Parish  Councils  Bill,  1894. 

(Attention  of  late  drawn  from  internal  reform  to  the  Irish 
question— see  next  syllabus.) 

D.  THE  PROGRAM. 

The  Liberals — "New  Castle  Program"  and  performance  (see 
Porrittin  Yale  Rev.,  Feb.,  '94,  and  Nov.,  '95). 

The  New  Independent  Labor  Party  (KeirHardie  in  Nineteenth 
Century,  Jan.,  '95;  Porritt  in  Annals  Amer.  Acad.,  Jan., 
'95,  and  in  Yale  Rev.,  Feb.,  '96. 
I.    Minor. 

1.  Registration. 

2.  One  man  one  vote,  etc. 
II.    Central  Questions— 

The  Lords  (Edinburgh  Review,  Jan.,  1895). 

The  Church. 

Taxation — ground  rents,  et«. 

Labor.    Accident  Insurance — Old  Age  Pensions,  etc. 

1.  Agricultural— peasant  proprietorship. 

2.  Artisans. 
Employer's  liability. 
Eight-hour  day. 
Factory  regulations. 

E.  TRADE  UNIONISM— OLD  AND  NEW. 

Dock  strike,  1889,  and  the  coal  strike  of  1893. 

F.  SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY  IN  ENGLAND. 

Q.    ENGLAND  AS  A  "LAND-GRABBER."    International  morality  in 
English  public  life— Canning,    Palmerston,    Gladstone   (see 
"The  Palmerston  Ideal"  in  Century,  Feb.,  '96. 
a.  The  "Little  Englanders." 


—57- 


XVII.    ENGLAND  AND  IRELAND. 

A.  To  ENGLISH  INVASION. 

1.4  Early  Christian  civilization. 
2.    Danish  invasions  and  partial  conquest. 
Geography  and  political  divisions. 

B.  CONQUEST — MOTIVES  AND  OCCASION. 

[Slave  Trade,  Territory,  Crusade  blessed  by  Pope  Adrian  (an 
Englishman),  and  Dermod's  appeal  to  Henry.]  Character 
of  the  conquest.  Interrupted  by  the  troubles  of  Henry's  late 
years.  Ireland's  misfortune  to  be  again  only  half  conquered. 

C.  HENRY  TO  ELIZABETH— 1169-1600. 

1.  Organization. 

a.  The  Pale  ("Irish"  parliament);  30  or  40  great  Norman 

chiefs ;  English  retainers ;  Irish  peasantry. 

b.  Rest  of  the  island— 60  or  70  native  chiefs. 

2.  History. 

a.  Internal— feuds  between  the  Pale  and  the  natives,  and 

between  factions  of  factions. 

b.  With  reference    to    England — Little    English    influence 

until  Henry  VII,  that  little  being  directed  to  keeping 
up  distinction  between  Englishry  and  Irish.  Offer  of 
money  to  Edward  I  for  privilege  of  English  law. 
Statute  of  Kilkenny  against  use  of  Irish  language  or 
law,  intermarriage,  fostering,  etc. 

c.  More  vigorous  efforts  to  Anglicize  the  island  by  the 

Tudor  Henries.  Henry  VII,  Statute  of  Drogheda, 
1495 ;  Henry  VIII  king  of  Ireland. 

D.  ENGLISH  POLICY  OF  CONFISCATION  AND  COLONIZATION— ELIZ- 

ABETH TC  WILLIAM  III. 
1.    To  the  Rebellion. 

a.  Exterminating  character  of  wars  of  Elizabeth.   Coloni- 
zation of  English  agriculturists. 

b.  James  I.    Plantation  of  Ulster.    (Dishonesty  of  English 
agents.) 

c.  Traffic  in  finding  flaws  in  land  titles;  the  infamous  con- 
fiscation of  Connaught. 

d.  The  English  law  of  real  property  supersedes  the  Irish 
clan  tenure,  and  the  clansmen  become  tenants-at-will. 

e.  Harsh  Puritan  legislation  against  toleration  of  Cath- 
olicism. 


—58— 

2.  The  Rebellion  of  1641. 

a.  The  massacre  (?)  in  Ulster;  300,000,  30,000,  8000. 

b.  The  action  of  the  government  in  driving  the  gentry 
into  rebellion  (?) 

c.  Complicated  by  connection  with  the  English  civil  -war. 

d.  Cromwell  in  Ireland. 

3.  The  settlement  of  Cromwell. 

(Over  one-third  the  population  wasted  away;  slave  dealers, 
etc.) 

Confiscation  of  all  land;  compensation  for  "innocent  Papists" 
in  Connaught  (a  second  Wales) ;  removal  of  the  landowners 
and  better  tenant  class  thither;  only  a  small  tenantry  and 
the  laborers  left  in  the  other  three  pi'ovinces;  English  regi- 
ments quartered  upon  the  land  as  settlers;  the  Undertakers. 

4.  The  Restoration  and  the  Caroline  settlements:  some  600 
Irish  gentlemen  restored  to  their  estates    as  "Innocent 
Papists"  before  the  process  was  stopped,  and  the  3,000 
other  claims  outlawed;  the  Cromwellian  settlement  not 
seriously  affected. 

5.  The  Revolution  of  1688-89. 

a.  James  II  in  Ireland;  the  Irish  parliament  of  1689  (the 
only  national  Irish  parliament  ever  assembled  in  the  is- 
land.) 

1)  Religious  toleration  (disendowment  of  English 
Church.) 

2)  Restoration  of  Irish  landowners  of  1641.      (No 
compensation  for  English    intruders,  except  for 
bona  fide  purchasers. 

3)  Bill  of  attainder  against  absent  landlords. 

b.  The  Boyne  and  the  siege  of  Limerick. 

c.  The  "City  of  the  Broken  Treaty"— the  settlement  of 

William ;  ruin  of  the  old  race  completed  ;  Cromwellian 
sentiment  intensified  ;  nine-tenths  of  the  soil  in  English 
hands;  emigration  of  half  a  million  in  next  half  century 
to  the  Catholic  countries  of  the  continent ;  the  "Irish 
Brigade"  at  Fontenoy. 

E.    FROM  1692  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  1782.     ENGLISH  SU- 
PREMACY. 

1.  Numbness  of  national  life;  characteristics  of  the  period  to 

the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

a.  Religious  penal  legislation.     (The  English  Church.) 

b.  Repressive  industrial  legislation. 

c.  Absentee  landlordism. 

d.  The  "Irish"  parliament. 

2.  The  awakening  of  the  "national"  spirit. 


—59— 

a.  Agrarian  outrages  (Irish). 

b.  Political  "opposition"  in  the  English  Irish  parliament. 

1)   Motives,  etc. 

3.  The  American  War  and  the  opportunity  of  Ireland. 

a.  The  party  of  G rattan. 

b.  Old  claims  of  legislative  independence. 

c.  Revival  and  prosecution. 

d.  Stages  of  victory ;  work  of  the  volunteers ;  commercial 

disabilities    repealed    (changed    conditions);    religious 
disabilities  lightened. 

4.  The  Constitution  of  1782-1800.    Legislative  independence. 

a.  Progress. 

b.  Drawbacks. 

1)  Economic. 

2)  Political— influence  of  the  Castle;  the  demand  for 
parliamentary  reform,  and  for  Catholic  emancipa- 
tion. 

c.  The  French  Revolution  and  the  Rebellion  of  1798  (Uni- 

ted Irishmen.) 

d.  The  Union  (Pitt). 

F.    UNDER  THE  UNION— 1801. 

1.  To  the  beginning  of  agitation  for  repeal. 

a.  Emmet's  Rebellion,  1803. 

b.  Catholic  emancipation,  1829. 

c.  The  Tithe  War.    Epoch  of  Reform,  ch.  8. 

2.  The  early  repeal  movement. 
Agitation  for  repeal  of  the  Union,  1843. 
O'Connell  and  Young  Ireland. 

3.  The  famine. 
Emigration. 

4.  Penianism. 

5.  England  undertakes  to  rule  Ireland  for  the  Irish. 

a.  Disestablishment. 

b.  The  land  question. 

1)  1860.    Re-actionary  movement — contract  vs.  cus- 
tom. 

2)  1870.     Extended  Ulster  tenant  right. 

3)  1881.    The  "Three  F's." 

6.  The  Home  Rule  party,  1870 — .    Leaders,  in  order. 

a.  The  land  league,  1879. 

b.  Co-ercion  Act  of  1881,  and  subsequent  repressive  acts. 

1)  The  plan  of  campaign  (Michael  Davitt). 

2)  The  Phoenix  Park  murders,  1882. 
(Crimes  Acts  of  1882  and  1887.) 
The  closure— 1887. 


—60— 

Contributions  from  America, 
c.  Land  Act  of  1885. 

7.  Alliance  between  Gladstone  and  Parnell. 

a.  Home  Rule  Bill,  1886;  341  to  311.      (The  Land  Pur- 

chase Bill  of  same  year.) 

Split  of  Liberals,  and  the  leaders. 

b.  The  appeal  to  the  country,  1886 ;  Home  Rule  defeat. 

c.  The  Conservative  ministry  and  Ireland,  1886-92. 

1)  Balfour's  Coercion  Act  and  the  proceedings  under 
it. 

2)  The  Land  Act  of  1890. 

3)  The  By-elections. 

d.  The  Home  Rule  ministry,  1892 — .      Gladstone's  second 

bill  and  its  fate. 

8.  Difficulties,  and  recent  developments.    The  Land  Act  of 
1896. 


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